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    Journal Article
    Attrition Rate in Multisession Gradual Exposure Treatment for Specific Phobia: A Meta-Analysis
    (Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies, 2024-04) ;

    SPECIFIC PHOBIA involves fear and avoidance of reasonably safe stimuli such as heights, closed spaces, and insects. The disorder, which is relatively common, with a lifetime prevalence of 3–15% (Eaton et al., 2018), impairs a person’s ability to function because of the avoidance involved. Specific phobias also create substantial fear, which can occur often and reduce a person’s quality of life.

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    Journal Article
    Human capital and the middle-income trap revisited

    Middle-income trap refers to the economic growth strategies that transition low-income countries into middle-income ones but fail to transition the middle-income countries into high-income countries. We observe the existence of a middle-income trap for upper-middle- and lower-middle-income countries. We examine the reasons for the middle-income trap using the Bayesian model averaging (BMA) and generalized method of moments (GMM). We also explore the transformation of middle-income economies into high-income economies using logistic, probit and Limited Information Maximum Likelihood (LIML) regression analyses. Random forest analysis is also used to check the robustness of the findings. BMA analysis shows that education plays an enabling role in high-income countries in determining economic growth, whereas the full potential of education is not fully utilized in middle-income countries. GMM estimations show that the education coefficient is positive and significant for high-income and middle-income countries. This implies that education plays a decisive positive role in achieving economic growth and gives a path to escape from the middle-income trap. However, the education coefficient for middle-income countries is approximately half that of high-income countries. Therefore, the findings of this study call for additional investment and focused strategies relating to human capital endowments.

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    Journal Article
    Design considerations for cases used in pharmacy teaching and learning using the case difficulty cube
    (Elsevier Inc, 2022-10-22) ;
    Baverstock, Katherine
    ;
    Malone, Daniel T
    ;
    Maynard, Greggory
    ;

    Introduction: Learner-centered authentic learning opportunities in health science disciplines can be provided using cases to allow integration of theoretical knowledge across multiple subject areas and development of problem-solving skills. We have previously described the adaptation of the case difficulty cube (CDC), a model from business education, that proposes assignment of case difficulty based on three dimensions (analytical, conceptual, and presentation) in pharmacy education.

    Methods: The CDC for use in health science disciplines (modCDC) was evaluated using 13 cases from summative undergraduate pharmacy examinations. Inter-rater agreement (IRA) and inter-rater reliability (IRR) for modCDC ratings were first determined, then a post hoc investigation of the relationship between the modCDC score and student marks was undertaken.

    Results: First, the IRA for each dimension of the modCDC was adequate for aggregating ratings. IRR was excellent for the conceptual axis, good for the presentation axis, and poor for the analytical axis. Second, analysis of the relationship between the modCDC score and student marks indicated that there was a significant difference between student marks awarded at each level of case difficulty, except for the lower levels of difficulty. The results indicate that the modCDC is a relatively robust tool that could be used to determine case difficulty prior to cases being used in assessments.

    Conclusions: The modCDC is a simple tool that can assist academic staff in providing consistent learning opportunities for, and assessment of, pharmacy students at an appropriate level.

      2
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    Open Access
    Journal Article
    Ring-expansion reactions of Cyrene and derivatives with ethyl diazoacetate
    (CSIRO Publishing, 2025-05-12)
    Puschnig, Johannes
    ;
    ;
    Sumby, Christopher J
    ;
    ;
    Anastasios Polyzos

    The ring expansion and homologation of the biomass derivative Cyrene (6,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1] octan-4-one) has been developed by Lewis-acid promoted reactions with ethyl diazoacetate. Insertion into the C3–C4 bond gave a ring-expanded β-ketoester regioisomer as an equilibrating mixture of diastereomers, which was subjected to a one-pot hydrolysis and decarboxylation to give the 7,9-dioxabicyclo[4.2.1]nonan-5-one system (homocyrene). The reactivity of homocyrene was then investigated in a series of transformations known for the parent 6,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1] octan-4-one system, including the Baeyer–Villiger oxidation affording S-6-(hydroxymethyl)pyran2-one, which has been used for the synthesis of jasmine lactone, and another one-carbon ring expansion. The ring-expansion process for Cyrene could be used to prepare chiral C6 and C7 synthons on scale from biomass.

      1  2
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    Open Access
    Journal Article
    Complete Genomic Landscape Reveals Hidden Evolutionary History and Selection Signature in Asian Water Buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis)
    (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co KGaA, 2025-01-27)
    Si, Jingfang
    ;
    Dai, Dongmei
    ;
    Gorkhali, Neena Amatya
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    Wang, Mingshan
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    Wang, Sheng
    ;
    Sapkota, Saroj
    ;
    Kadel, Ram Chandra
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    Sadaula, Amir
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    Dhakal, Aashish
    ;
    Faruque, Md Omar
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    Omar, Abdullah Ibne
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    Sari, Eka Meutia
    ;
    Ashari, Hidayat
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    Andi Dagong, Muhammad Ihsan
    ;
    Yindee, Marnoch
    ;
    Rushdi, Hossam E
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    Elregalaty, Hussein
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    Amin, Ahmed
    ;
    Radwan, Mohamed A
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    Pham, Lan Doan
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    Hulugalla, W M M P
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    Pradeepa Silva, G L L
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    Zheng, Wei
    ;
    Mansoor, Shahid
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    Basil Ali, Muhammad
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    Vahidi, Farhad
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    Al‐Bayatti, Sahar Ahmed
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    Pauciullo, Alfredo
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    Lenstra, Johannes A
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    ;
    Fang, Lingzhao
    ;
    Wu, Dong‐Dong
    ;
    Han, Jianlin
    ;
    Zhang, Yi

    To identify the genetic determinants of domestication and productivity of Asian water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis), 470 genomes of domesticated river and swamp buffaloes along with their putative ancestors, the wild water buffaloes (Bubalus arnee) are sequenced and integrated. The swamp buffaloes inherit the morphology of the wild buffaloes. In contrast, most river buffaloes are unique in their morphology, but their genomes cluster with the wild buffaloes. The levels of genomic diversity in Italian river and Indonesian swamp buffaloes decrease at opposite extremes of their distribution range. Purifying selection prevented the accumulation of harmful loss-of-function variants in the Indonesian buffaloes. Genes that evolved rapidly (e.g., GKAP1) following differential selections in the river and swamp buffaloes are involved in their reproduction. Genes related to milk production (e.g., CSN2) and coat color (e.g., MC1R) underwent strong selections in the dairy river buffaloes via soft and hard selective sweeps, respectively. The selective sweeps and single-cell RNA-seq data revealed the luminal cells as the key cell type in response to artificial selection for milk production of the dairy buffaloes. These findings show how artificial selection has been driving the evolutionary divergence and genetic differentiation in morphology and productivity of Asian water buffaloes.

      3  2
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    Conference Publication
    Orgasmic Gushing: where does the fluid come from and how is it produced?
    (Women in Research (WiR), 2005)
    O'Brien, GM
    There are three sexual fluids from women: lubrication (e.g. transudation of fluid across the mucosa of the vagina, and mucus from the greater vestibular glands); female ejaculation (from paraurethral glands); and gushing. Orthodox western medicine and physiology does not yet have a standardized description or explanation for the third, gushing. The present paper proposes that the gushing fluid is a filtrate of plasma, produced by the mechanism known as transudation. This is an additional application for the transudation mechanism, after the well accepted roles in lubrication of the vagina, and in generating serous fluids. The present model proposes that the fluid released in a gush arises from the ventral wall of the vagina due to the presence there of increased surface area of mucosa, dilated arterioles, pressurized venous and lymphatic plexuses, and compression provided by muscle contraction during orgasm.
      64501
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    Dataset
    Mapping Long Term Changes in Mangrove Cover and Predictions of Future Change under Different Climate Change Scenarios in the Sundarbans, Bangladesh
    (2018-05-22)
    Ghosh, Manoj Kumer
    ;
    Ground-based readings of temperature and rainfall, satellite imagery, aerial photographs, ground verification data and Digital Elevation Model (DEM) were used in this study. Ground-based meteorological information was obtained from Bangladesh Meteorological Department (BMD) for the period 1977 to 2015 and was used to determine the trends of rainfall and temperature in this thesis. Satellite images obtained from the US Geological Survey (USGS) Center for Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) website (www.glovis.usgs.gov) in four time periods were analysed to assess the dynamics of mangrove population at species level. Remote sensing techniques, as a solution to lack of spatial data at a relevant scale and difficulty in accessing the mangroves for field survey and also as an alternative to the traditional methods were used in monitoring of the changes in mangrove species composition, . To identify mangrove forests, a number of satellite sensors have been used, including Landsat TM/ETM/OLI, SPOT, CBERS, SIR, ASTER, and IKONOS and Quick Bird. The use of conventional medium-resolution remote sensor data (e.g., Landsat TM, ASTER, SPOT) in the identification of different mangrove species remains a challenging task. In many developing countries, the high cost of acquiring high- resolution satellite imagery excludes its routine use. The free availability of archived images enables the development of useful techniques in its use and therefor Landsat imagery were used in this study for mangrove species classification. Satellite imagery used in this study includes: Landsat Multispectral Scanner (MSS) of 57 m resolution acquired on 1st February 1977, Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) of 28.5 m resolution acquired on 5th February 1989, Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+) of 28.5 m resolution acquired on 28th February 2000 and Landsat Operational Land Imager (OLI) of 30 m resolution acquired on 4th February 2015. To study tidal channel dynamics of the study area, aerial photographs from 1974 and 2011, and a satellite image from 2017 were used. Satellite images from 1974 with good spatial resolution of the area were not available, and therefore aerial photographs of comparatively high and fine resolution were considered adequate to obtain information on tidal channel dynamics. Although high-resolution satellite imagery was available for 2011, aerial photographs were used for this study due to their effectiveness in terms of cost and also ease of comparison with the 1974 photographs. The aerial photographs were sourced from the Survey of Bangladesh (SOB). The Sentinel-2 satellite image from 2017 was downloaded from the European Space Agency (ESA) website (https://scihub.copernicus.eu/). In this research, elevation data acts as the main parameter in the determination of the sea level rise (SLR) impacts on the spatial distribution of the future mangrove species of the Bangladesh Sundarbans. High resolution elevation data is essential for this kind of research where every centimeter counts due to the low-lying characteristics of the study area. The high resolution (less than 1m vertical error) DEM data used in this study was obtained from Water Resources Planning Organization (WRPO), Bangladesh. The elevation information used to construct the DEM was originally collected by a Finnish consulting firm known as FINNMAP in 1991 for the Bangladesh government.
      48136  50
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    Conference Publication
    Reinforced Behavioral Variability and Sequence Learning Across Species
    (Association for Behavior Analysis International (ABAI), 2012)
    Doolan, Kathleen
    ;
    ;
    McEwan, James
    Previous research shows that reinforcement of variable responding will facilitate sequence learning in rats (Neuringer, Deiss & Olson, 2000) but may interfere with sequence learning in humans (Maes & van der Goot, 2006). The present study aimed to replicate and extend previous research by assessing the role of behavioral variability in the learning of difficult target sequences across 3 species: humans (n = 60), hens (n = 18) and possums (n = 6). Participants were randomly allocated to one of three experimental conditions (Control, Variable, Any). In the Control conditions sequences were only reinforced if they were the target sequence, in the Variability conditions sequences were concurrently reinforced on a Variable Interval 60-s schedule if the just entered sequence met a variability criterion, and in the Any condition sequences were concurrently reinforced on a Variable Interval 60-s schedule for any sequence entered. The results support previous findings with animals and humans; hens and possums were more likely to learn the target sequence in the Variability condition, and human participants were more likely to learn the target sequence in the Control condition. Possible explanations for differences between the performance of humans and animals on this task will be discussed.
      39860  1
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    Open Access
    Dataset
    The drivers and consequences of change to the physical character of waterholes on an Australian dryland river
    This dataset provides all the raw and analysed data for the thesis titled 'The drivers and consequences of change to the physical character of waterholes on an Australian dryland river'.
    The data has been divided into four folders that are aligned with the data chapters for the thesis. These being: (Ch 2) waterhole mapping, (Ch 3) floodplain gullies, (Ch 4) sediment transport and (Ch 5) fish.
    A README file is provided for each chapter which contains a description of the individual datasets and a list of files that make up each dataset.
    The data in this archive is a combination of data obtained from desktop studies as well as field work on the Darling River (i.e., the fish data).
    Further, fish data were collected on the Darling River between Bourke and Wilcannia. Waterhole mapping was undertaken on the Barwon-Darling between Walgett and Wilcannia. Gully mapping was undertaken on the Barwon-Darling River between Mungindi and Wilcannia. Sediment transport capacity was assessed at five sites between Collarenebri and Tilpa.
      37668  1972
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    Open Access
    Journal Article
    A Review into Effective Classroom Management and Strategies for Student Engagement: Teacher and Student Roles in Today’s Classrooms
    (Redfame Publishing Inc, 2019-12)
    Franklin, Hayley
    ;
    A teacher's role encompasses far more than just imparting curricula outcomes to their students: they need to equip students with the necessary tools to experience social and academic success both inside the classroom and beyond it. Teachers need to empower students with the means to critically analyse the world around them in order to develop into critical independent thinkers. Students need to be proficient in utilising skills associated with higher levels of thinking, that will empower them with the ability to identify, analyse and evaluate the infinite volume of information available through our rapidly changing digital world. Just as teachers need to take responsibility for the various methods of teaching and instruction in the classroom, it is essential for students to take ownership of the learning process, to ensure future success in university environments, where sustained personal effort and metacognitive skills are fundamental to academic success. The object of the review of the literature surrounding the roles of teacher and student, effective classroom management strategies, and successful evidence-based teaching and learning pedagogies, is to assist new and experienced teachers in the promotion of a positive classroom experience for all.
      28532  23283