Global prevalence rates suggest that three to four males are diagnosed as autistic for each female (Loomes et al., 2017; Zeidan et al., 2022). To explain this, there is some suggestion that autistic females have a different clinical presentation of their autism symptoms, and that this is influenced by the degree that they ‘camouflage’ their autistic behaviour (Allely, 2019b; Hull, Petrides, et al., 2020b). Camouflaging has been defined as “the employment of specific behavioural and cognitive strategies by autistic people to adapt to or cope within the predominantly non-autistic social world” (Cook, Hull, et al., 2021, p. 1). However, some researchers have argued that there is a lack of clarity in camouflaging studies, such as inconsistency in the terms and definitions used in describing this behaviour (Fombonne, 2020). The present research reviewed the extent of these conceptual issues, plus some measurement and methodological limitations that may have resulted from a lack of clarity (Chapter Two). To address this lack of clarity, conceptual analysis was employed in two Chapters. This involved synthesising findings from autism research with concepts from two domains of the wider literature. First, in Chapter Three, concepts and theory on a behavioural consequence of stigma (i.e., negative stereotypes, attitudes, and beliefs held about autistic people; Link & Phelan, 2001), known as concealment, were reviewed. From this synthesis, a definition of autism concealment was given, and its empirically supported behavioural characteristics were reviewed. A novel theory was developed to explain the correlates of this behaviour. It was argued that the concept of camouflaging could largely be understood by reference to this framework, which was more informed by the wider literature than camouflaging studies. However, some aspects of camouflaging, argued to resemble forms of social learning, were unexplained by this framework. To resolve this, another conceptual analysis was conducted (Chapter Four), in which concepts from the wider literature on recovery and compensation, two forms of adaptive brain plasticity, were extended to the autistic population by framing them as neural mechanisms underlying biobehavioural resilience. This concept was supported by a scoping review of studies of the brain-behaviour relationships of autistic people, and a conceptual framework was constructed to integrate several modulators of this process. Finally, to address some of the measurement issues of camouflaging research, a new psychometric scale was developed to measure autism concealment: the Autism Concealment Scale. Its development process was assisted by a content validation study, and its psychometric properties were largely supported in a second exploratory study (Chapter Five). Limitations to the replicability of its factor structure, and some aspects of its validity, warrant future study. Strengths, some other limitations, and various implications of the present research, such as the impacts of these concepts on the reliability of autism diagnosis, were discussed (in each Chapter, and summarised in Chapter Six).