Leading report of molecular prevalence of tick borne Anaplasma marginale and Theileria ovis in yaks (Bos grunniens) from Pakistan

Abstract

<p>Domestic yak (<i>Bos grunniens</i>) is an economically important feature of the mountainous region of Gilgit-Baltistan in Pakistan where agriculture is restricted and yaks play multiple roles which includes being a source of milk, meat, hides, fuel and power. However little is known about the parasitic infections in Pakistani yaks. Aim of this research was to report the prevalence and genetic diversity of protozoa parasite (<i>Theileria ovis</i>, 18 S rDNA gene was targeted) and an obligate bacterium (<i>Anaplasma marginale</i>, <i>msp-1</i> gene was amplified) in the blood that was sampled from 202 yaks collected from four districts in Gilgit-Baltistan during January 2023 till January 2024. Results revealed that 6/202 (3%) yaks were of Theileria ovis while 8/202 (4%) were <i>Anaplasma marginale</i> infected. Positive PCR products of both parasites were confirmed by DNA sequencing and their similarity with previously available pathogen sequences was determined by BLAST analysis. Phylogenetic tree indicated that isolates of both parasites displayed genetic. <i>Anaplasma marginale</i> infection varied with the sampling districts and Shigar district had the highest rate of bacterial infection. Cows were significantly more prone to Theileria ovis infection than bulls. Calf and hybrid yaks were more prone to <i>Anaplasma marginale</i> infection. In conclusion, this is the first report that yaks residing the Gilgit-Baltistan region in Pakistan are infected with <i>Theileria ovis</i> and <i>Anaplasma marginale</i>. Similar larger scales studies are recommended in various regions of Gilgit-Baltistan to document the infection rates of these parasites to formulate strategies that will lead to the effective control of these pathogens.</p>