Dietary starch influences growth performance, nutrient utilisation and digestive dynamics of protein and amino acids in broiler chickens offered low-protein diets

Abstract

A total of 288 day-old, male Ross 308 chicks were offered six dietary treatments from 7 to 28 days post-hatch. A standard maize-soy diet was compared with five low protein diets containing high inclusions of maize starch and various combinations of supplemental amino acids. The assessed parameters included growth performance, nutrient utilisation, digestibility coefficients and disappearance rates of starch, protein and amino acids in four small intestinal segments. Also, the effects of three dietary treatments on free plasma amino acid concentrations in the anterior mesenteric vein or portal circulation were determined. The transition from standard to low protein diets elevated feed intakes and compromised FCR. Overall, tangible differences in responses were not observed in birds offered the five low protein diets which effectively precluded meaningful comparisons between the various combinations of crystalline amino acids. Maize starch inclusions in low protein diets enhanced starch digestibility coefficients and disappearance rates and parameters of nutrient utilisation. However, maize starch also depressed protein digestibility coefficients and disappearance rates. Moreover, amino acid digestibility coefficients were depressed in the three posterior segments of the small intestine. Instructively, proximal ileal starch digestibility coefficients were negatively correlated with digestibility coefficients of twelve amino acids in the proximal ileum to significant extents. Significant differences in concentrations of free amino acids in plasma from the anterior mesenteric vein were observed for histidine, lysine, methionine, threonine and valine in birds offered the standard and two low protein diets. The possibility that glucose and amino acids were effectively competing for intestinal uptakes, especially from the ileum, is discussed. Also, it appears that the metabolic fates of amino acids in enterocytes of the gut mucosa can be manipulated by dietary strategies and that crystalline amino acids may be less prone to undergo catabolism in the gut mucosa.