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The worldwide demand for high quality cotton has increased with time, and cotton production is now one of the most important rural industries in Australia. However, cotton growers face significant challenges in dealing with diseases that impact on crop yields. One of the most important diseases impacting cotton producers in Australia is black root rot disease, caused by the pathogenic fungi Berkeleyomyces spp. While a number of management practices have been suggested to help control this pathogen, there is not currently a complete solution to this problem. The main aims of this study were to gain a better understanding of the factors that affect disease severity, and explore the use of the bacterium Azospirillum brasilense as a biological control option for black root rot disease in cotton.

The distribution and abundance of Berkeleyomyces spp. in different soil samples from cotton farms (collected prior to planting) was investigated using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The incidence of the pathogen was higher in organically fertilised cotton fields compared to fields treated with mineral fertiliser. The relationship between crop rotation and pathogen abundance was also examined. Crop rotation with wheat and mung bean did not show any decrease in the soil load of Berkeleyomyces spp. However, soil properties, including iron and manganese levels, appeared to impact on the abundance of Berkeleyomyces spp. in soils.

The relationship between cotton cultivar, temperature and disease severity was also investigated, using Berkeleyomyces rouxiae BRIP40192 (a cotton isolate) and five cotton cultivars (Sicot 730, and the genetically modified cultivars Sicot 74BRF, Sicot 71BRF, Sicot 43BRF and Sicot 714B3F). Temperature had an influence on the proportion of root affected by black root rot lesions, and the water content of shoots, supporting the findings of previous studies that indicate temperature is a significant factor impacting disease severity and, consequently, plant growth. At higher temperatures (25°C) soil collected from the rhizosphere for all genetic modified cultivars (Sicot 74BRF, Sicot 71BRF, Sicot 43BRF and Sicot 714B3F) showed a significant decrease in the levels of B. rouxiae BRIP40192 recovered, compared to recovery at lower temperature (20°C).

To better understand the processes involved in disease, in vitro pathogenicity testing was carried out to examine the ability of B. rouxiae BRIP40192 to perceive and respond to signalling molecules produced by the roots of cotton seedlings. The results demonstrated that cotton root exudates stimulate the directional growth of B. rouxiae, although the strength of this attraction varied between cotton cultivars. The inclusion of the bacterium Azospirillum brasilense in the test was able to prevent this directional growth and stop spore germination. This finding suggests that there may be a role for A. brasilense as a potential biological control agent for B. rouxiae. Interaction tests between B. rouxiae BRIP40192 and A. brasilense strains showed that that the two were not antagonistic to each other, although A. brasilense strains showed a high capability to interact with B. rouxiae BRIP40192 hyphae.

The interaction between B. rouxiae BRIP40192, A. brasilense and cotton was investigated, focusing on the role played by border cells of the cotton root. Cotton border cells of all cultivars tested failed to trap B. rouxiae BRIP40192, however, A. brasilense strains, proposed as a potential biocontrol organisms, showed a high level of interaction with border cells of the five cotton cultivars and with border cells from wheat (often used in crop rotation on cotton farms). The colonisation of border cells by A. brasilense may assist with the suppression of germination of B. rouxiae BRIP40192 spores and retard directional growth in the rhizosphere, thus protecting seedlings from infection.

The results of this study help improve understanding of factors, such as temperature, cotton cultivar and farm management practices, which influence the distribution and severity of black root rot disease in Australian cotton farms. The results of this study also suggest that A. brasilense could be considered as a potential biological control agent to block or suppress the growth of black root rot disease in cotton fields.

The role of metal ions, in particular copper(II), iron(II) and zinc(II) and their complexes, in wine based redox reactions, which can impact quality characteristics, have been investigated in this thesis. The redox reactions of interest in this investigation are oxygen decay and xanthylium cation production which can both result in detrimental outcomes. Therefore, a detailed investigation of metal speciation under wine like conditions and the role of metal complexes on wine based oxygen decay and pigment production processes is presented in this thesis.

Acid dissociation constants for wine relevant organic acids, lactic, malic, tartaric and citric acids as well as acetic, formic, glyoxylic, oxalic and succinic acids, were determined in aqueous solution, at 25.0 ± 0.1°C and a constant ionic strength of 0.1 M KCl, using potentiometric titrations. The dissociation constants for each of the acids, with the exception of glyoxylic and oxalic acids, were also determined in 12.5% (v/v) ethanolic solution. The pk_a values for each of the acids were higher when determined in 12.5% ethanol solution when compared to aqueous solution.

Binding constants for complex species formed between Cu(II), Fe(II) or Zn(II) and wine relevant organic acids were determined under similar conditions as that for the acid dissociation constants. All metals were found to form at least a metal ligand complex with each of the organic acids, with the Cu(II) complex species determined to have the highest binding constants followed by Zn(II) and then Fe(II). The binding constants determined in ethanolic solution were generally larger than the equivalent aqueous determination for all metal ions. Speciation utilising the determined binding constants shows that citric acid binds the highest percentage of metal ion in solutions containing only a single acid; however, in competition, due to the high concentration of tartaric acid in wine, tartrate complexes were found to dominate.

Organic acids which form higher concentrations of Cu(II) complex species at pH 3.25, which consequently results in lower free Cu(II) concentrations, decreased the rate of (+)-catechin consumption and therefore the production of xanthylium ion pigments which have a peak absorbance at 440 nm. The same trend was observed for samples containing iron with higher absorbance at 440 nm observed for those containing lower concentrations of iron complexes.

Higher oxygen decay rates in the presence of caffeic acid were observed in solutions with higher percentages of free Cu(II) present. The presence of iron, without copper, did not have a significant effect on the oxidation of caffeic acid or ascorbic acid. In contrast to caffeic acid oxidation, a positive correlation between the rate of ascorbic acid oxidation and increasing levels of complexed Cu²⁺ by diprotic acids was observed. For both ascorbic and caffeic acid samples, changing the organic acid in solution did not have a significant impact on the ratio of total consumed SO₂:O₂.