Agricultural development initiatives in sub- Saharan Africa have emphasized improved crop varieties as a pathway to food security, resilience, and rural poverty reduction. However, empirical evidence often focuses narrowly on plot- level outcomes and overlooks whole-farm effects and the substantial heterogeneity in farmers' management practices, technological constraints, and production environments. Drawing on data from 608 cassava-producing households in Ghana, this study provides robust evidence on the farm-level effects of adopting improved cassava varieties (ICVs). We combine propensity score matching with a selection-corrected stochastic frontier and a metafrontier framework to address both observed and unobserved selection biases while capturing technology gaps and managerial differences between adopters and non-adopters. Adoption of ICVs is associated with approximately GHS 1400 in additional farm output value, a 27% gain in technical efficiency, and access to more favorable production frontiers. Selection bias is detected only among nonadopters, suggesting that unobserved constraints may inhibit uptake. The findings underscore that although ICVs deliver meaningful productivity improvements, their effectiveness is mediated by farmers' managerial capacity and the structural production conditions they face. Policies that integrate varietal improvement with targeted extension support, context-specific management training, and efforts to relax adoption barriers are essential for translating genetic gains into sustained food security and rural welfare outcomes.

This chapter delves into the intricate world of international law and its applicability in the realm of cybersecurity. This chapter serves as a critical examination of whether international legal frameworks are equipped to effectively regulate and respond to the ever-evolving challenges posed by cyber threats. The author navigates through the complexities of international treaties, conventions, and norms, dissecting their strengths and limitations in addressing the dynamic nature of cyberattacks. Readers will be exposed to a nuanced analysis of the evolving threat landscape and the role that international law plays in promoting digital resilience on a global scale. As they journey through this chapter, they will gain valuable insights into the legal intricacies that underpin the fight against cyber threats.

This chapter takes a unique approach by exploring the role of intelligence services and Internet Referral Units in building resilience. This chapter sheds light on how military and intelligence agencies can play a pivotal role in countering digital threats. Utilising case studies from across the globe—open source, but often overlooked—the authors examine the strategies and tactics employed by these entities to combat disinformation and cyber-attacks, offering readers a glimpse into the world of cybersecurity from a military perspective. As readers delve into this chapter, they will gain a deeper understanding of the unconventional methods used to bolster digital resilience and protect national security interests.

While not the first option posited by national security practitioners, investing in ‘soft’ options such as education and self-help options for citizens is a low-cost mechanism to build social cyber resilience. This chapter accordingly explores the threat posed by interference operations and cyber threats, and the viability and models by which States can aim to grow social cyber resilience in order to resist these threats, without having to rely upon international or domestic legal frameworks. Through a case study of Cold War active measures, and consideration of the enhanced threat posed in an era of surveillance capitalism and cyber interconnectedness, this chapter demonstrates how with greater capacity to pinpoint engagement in a target population comes a more urgent need to build self-sufficiency and undertake education of the population to enhance its cyber resilience.