A common strategy to reduce predator attack on livestock is the deployment of guardian alpacas. However, little research has been conducted on the behaviour of this species while housed with other livestock. This study monitored two male alpacas cohabitating with 180 lambing ewes in order to quantify field behaviour in two phases. Phase one assessed diurnal patterns of alpacas and lambing ewes using Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) collars recording data over 41 days, in combination with observational recordings. Phase two developed an alpaca behavioural ethogram through continuous observations from 05:30 to 19:30 h over a 3-day period. The two alpacas shared similar behaviours with commonality of distance travelled, and both species exhibited an increase in activity level based on speed between the times of 05:00 and 17:00 h. The GNSS data indicated that the alpacas flocked with the ewes at night sharing the same resting location, however, would spend time during the day on the outskirts of the paddock. Alpacas were observed to spend the majority of the observation period in two behavioural states: grazing (57%) and resting (27%). As a result of this study we were able to catalogue a range and frequency of field behaviours which alpacas exhibit while cohabitating with lambing ewes. However, further research is needed to determine in more detail how these behaviours correspond with the effectiveness of this species as a livestock guardian.

Islands are one of the fragmented ecosystems that cover an extensive range of microhabitats for diverse wildlife fauna. Biodiversity of this unique ecosystem tends to continuous degradation due to various natural and man-made pressure that primarily necessitates the assessment of the current status of species diversity for taking initiatives to protect the insular fauna. We conducted a survey-based study to assess the vertebrate wildlife diversity in Sandwip Island of Bangladesh in alpha and beta levels including abundance, and distribution pattern. The island harboured a total of 151 species of wildlife, including birds (119 spp.), amphibians (14 spp.), reptiles (13 spp.) and the least abundant mammals (5 spp.). According to the Shannon–Wiener index of the wild vertebrate community, the rural areas contained the highest species diversity (H′=3.79), while the Pielou index indicated that the semi-urban areas had relatively higher (0.876) species evenness. Species turnover signifcantly varied among rural, semi-urban and urban sites (Analysis of Similarity test, R=0.40, P=0.0001). Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) plot also revealed diferent species compositions between major three sites. The dendrogram of cluster analysis produced larger species clusters for grasslands, agricultural lands and homestead microhabitats. Sixty-seven species showed the highest clumped distribution pattern. This baseline data signifies the rich biodiversity of the island and has implications for prioritizing conservation measures to protect the insular fauna of Bangladesh.

Globally, river regulation has degraded wetlands, including parts of the Murray-Darling Basin (MDB), an ecologically significant basin in Australia. Frogs in a floodplain environment largely depend on habitats created by river flows, but little is known about how frogs in the northern MDB are impacted by river regulation. We tested how wetland inundation affected frogs in a catchment of the northern MDB. We surveyed frogs between 2015 and 2019 to determine long-term changes in the community composition associated with wetland inundation from river flows. Additionally, we recorded nightly soundscapes for four days before and after the arrival of river flows between 2019 and 2020. The abundance and richness of frog species increased during larger inundation events leading to altered community composition (beta diversity). Warmer temperatures increased frog species richness, and frog community dominance decreased with decreasing vegetation cover (i.e., the relative abundance became more even across species). The abundance of five frog species (Limnodynastes tasmaniensis, Limnodynastes fletcheri, Crinia parinsignifera, Litoria peronii, and Litoria latopalmata) was higher in response to increased inundation extent. The total species richness of chorusing frogs increased after the arrival of river flows; six species chorused over the four nights preceding flow, whereas eight species chorused following the flow arrival, but the responses varied among species and sites. Frog species richness increased at three sites after flows, but not at others. After inundation, the choruses of Limnodynastes tasmaniensis increased whereas Limnodynastes fletcheri decreased. Our findings indicate that wetland inundation is beneficial for frog communities and suggest that chorusing behaviour varied in response to river flows inundating floodplain wetlands.