Anthropogenic activities and climate change have altered the environment profoundly, and Africa has been more vulnerable due to lack of sustainable mitigation measures in place. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has reported that the most hazardous manifestation of climate change is through increased temperature, wetter and drier climates, heat waves and prolonged droughts, which in turn causes severe fluctuations in crop and animal production as well as biodiversity loss. Other impacts include land degradation, invasive species spread, pests and diseases proliferation, rangeland quality and quantity losses, among others. In coastal areas, agriculture is affected by inundation due to sea level rise as well as saltwater intrusion.