Vegetative reproduction facilitates early expansion of 'Phyla canescens' in a semi-arid floodplain

Abstract

'Phyla canescens' (Verbenaceae, hereafter lippia) is an invasive perennial forb from South America that is now widespread in Australia, threatening the biological values of internationally significant wetlands (Ramsar listed) and the productivity of the grazing industry (Crawford 2008; Earl 2003). Under certain conditions, lippia can displace native herbaceous vegetation and form mono-specific stands, but little is known about the process of colonization and early invasion. Lippia has a dual reproductive strategy, recruiting via seedlings and vegetative fragments in periods following inundation (Macdonald 2008). Determining the relative contribution of vegetative and sexual reproduction for lippia across environmental gradients is important for management action - if spread is primarily by vegetative fragments then control efforts should be focussed on managing vectors (e.g. movement of stock and vehicles), whereas if spread is mostly by seeds then management should focus on reducing the conditions favourable to seed production and seedling establishment. The predominant reproductive mode also has implications for the selection of biocontrol agents.