Axe-making and Axe Distribution from Two Quarries in East Australia

Abstract

This study is about axe making at two quarries. I have derived a model based on formal economic theory for explaining the transfer of axes into a distribution system. There are three major kinds of axe output from quarries: (1) Axes for local use. (2) Axes for non-local exchange. (3) Axes traded for gain. I argue that these outputs can be differentiated by their distribution, together with: (1) The exchange potential of a good, which is established by symmetry in the shape of an axe and enables the axe to be recognised and accepted by others in an exchange transaction. (2) Value-adding economic decisions in axe making, which can be established by measuring efficiency in the control of production. This gives an advantage to axe producers at some quarries. Axe trade for gain would incorporate symmetrical axes, efficient production and a non-local distribution pattern. My predictions for the two quarries, one at Gulong and one at Warren are initially derived from distribution patterns. The output at Gulgong was predicted to be trade-driven in that the axes would be symmetrically shaped for exchange, and axe making would be a value-adding economic activity within which efficient knapping actions controlled axe making. In contrast, output at Warren (Little Mount quarry) was predicted not to be based on trade for gain. The axes would not be symmetrical in shape and would not be manufactured by efficient means. The potential of the quarries to supply axes for exchange and trade for gain is evaluated by, the selection and extraction of raw material, the process of shaping preforms, and the toolkits used in manufacture at the quarries.