In this section, the results of the chemical analysis of 3 8 copperbase samples from Saar are presented and discussed. The samples include finished objects (e.g. rings and pins/awls), semi-processed products such as copper ingots, and the debris of metalworking activities. The latter samples are designated by the term 'waste/ spill' and are typologically differentiable from finished objects. They are generally amorphous lumps, often showing areas covered by green copper corrosion products, and are most probably the by-products of processes such as refining of raw copper and casting of objects.

Flake scar analysis of bedrock flaking (BF) panels, containing morphometric data for panels and individual flake scars. Data recorded in the field consisted of simplified morphometric data (maximum panel length, longest flake length, an intuitive assessment of stone quality and surface conditions and a note if the BF removes or is over-painted by rock art). Photographs were also taken in the field, more detailed morphometric data was collected from these. Stone samples were also collected in the field for mechanical testing. These samples were tested for Flexural Strength and Elasticity to compare quantitatively against the intuitive assessments made in the field.

'Drawing the Line: Using Cartoons as Historical Evidence' brings together essays from international scholars working with cartoons in their research and teaching. It is a showcase for some of the best recent scholarship in this field, with articles exploring racial and ethnic stereotypes, as well as representations of youth, gender and class across a number of key historical epochs. Cartoons are among the most vivid and familiar images of past politics and opinion, but tend to be used merely as 'illustrations' for historical works. 'Drawing the Line', however, provides a comprehensive introduction to the study of cartoons as sources in their own right. The British Regency Crisis, post-Civil War US politics, Anglo-Iraqi interaction in the Second World War, and Yugoslav Communist propaganda are just some of the themes through which the effective use of cartoons in historical writing is explored. Readers will also find guidance and suggestions for further research on cartoons in the extensive introductory and concluding sections. The book includes more than one hundred examples of the most brilliant cartoon art of the past, from eighteenth-century satirical prints, to the formalised satire of 'Punch', to the new and ever-evolving medium of webcomics. It will be an essential resource for students and teachers wanting to explore visual representations of the past, and will appeal to all readers interested in innovative ways of writing history.

The impetus for this research comes from the ongoing community debate over the increasing number of Islamic schools being established in order to meet the needs of Australia's growing Muslim population. The thesis traces the history and development of Islamic schools in Australia in the last thirty years. It acknowledges some of the early difficulties that they faced but then seeks to explore the apparent contradiction between the growing demand for the schools and increased public opposition, in particular since the events of September 2001. In Australia this took the form of growing Islamophobia accentuated by the Australian values debate after 2003, and the portrayal of the Muslim community by the media as a monolithic entity tainted by radicalised militant Islam. The research carried out over several years, starting in 2004, seeks to fill a gap in the limited literature on the subject to date. While there has been growing research on what Muslims think about life in Australia and how the wider community perceives Islam, there has been very little work done on the Islamic schools which are currently attended by about 20% of young Muslims in Australia. This thesis is constructed around three central questions posed to staff and former students at the schools. The first looks at what is taught in the faith units and who teaches these subjects. Linked to this is the question of the extent to which an Islamic ethos pervades the 'hidden curriculum', that is the other subjects taught in the curriculum and the daily rhythm of school life. The second question considers the impact of the Australian values debate and whether staff and students agree with the charge that Muslim values are different from Australian values. This question also takes into account the frequently made accusation that the schools teach intolerance of other faiths as a central tenet of Islam. Finally the thesis seeks to respond to the allegation that the schools form ghettos that isolate the students from mainstream Australian society and thus function as agents of exclusion.

John Baxter Langley is a neglected but important figure in the history of nineteenth-century radicalism. From a respectable and religious upbringing he defied expectations of an ecclesiastical career and chose to study medicine. From this beginning he became active in adult education through the founding of the Blackburn Mechanics' Institute, the Manchester Athenaeum and through his own education lecturing. He was also a journalist, editor and owner of several newspapers. He was prominent in the National Reform League, opposed the Contagious Diseases Acts and oppressive Sabbath legislation, and did much to assist the Miners' Provident Society and the Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants. He campaigned for prison reform and for an end to public executions, and took a practical role in the provision of improved housing for working people in London. Among other causes, he condemned the Second Opium War, exposed British brutality in India and opposed cotton tariffs, and worked covertly for Lincoln's administration by spying on the progress of Confederate shipbuilding orders in England and Scotland. He aspired to a seat in parliament but stood aside to allow Gladstone to stand in the Greenwich constituency. It is his failure to become a 'parliamentary radical' that has seen him neglected and overlooked in historical accounts of the period.

The objects from Al Sufouh, Unar1 and Unar2 in this LIA study were analyzed by multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS) at the Advanced Centre for Queensland University Isotope Research Excellence (ACQUIRE), Department of Earth Sciences, Queensland University, Australia. Objects from Tell Abraq were analyzed in the same laboratory, but by thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS). Details of analytical techniques for MC-ICP-MS, which involve the use of thallium to correct for mass fractionation, can be found in Collerson et al. (2002), while analytical techniques for the earlier TIMS analyses can be found in Appendix One (Section 1.1.5). In the following sections, the isotopic characteristics of the objects listed in Table 7.1 are discussed according to their archaeological and chronological contexts, in addition to being divided into three broad compositional groups.

Australian women who served overseas as nurses were entitled to apply for land under the Returned Soldiers Settlement Scheme after World War One. Land settlement as a method of repatriation was to become central to the rehabilitation process in Australia, and nurses were included in the Repatriation Act (1917-1918) under the broad category of 'soldier'. Central to the soldier settlement scheme was the philosophy of providing for returning soldiers, 'land for heroes'. This philosophy focused solely on the soldiers who fought, rather than the women who served as nurses. Only a very small percentage of the 37,500 people who took up the offer of land were indeed women. This thesis seeks to highlight the neglected and little known history of Australian nurse soldier settlers focusing on a small sample from New South Wales and Victoria. It will examine their stories, their applications for land, their struggles as farmers and the difficulties they had obtaining pensions and repatriation benefits. This thesis will show that many nurse soldier settlers were discharged as medically unfit after the war which had a significant impact on their ability, not only to work their farms profitably but also to lead peaceful happy lives in the aftermath of war. The thesis will reveal that although a score of women did take up the challenge and did attempt to make a go of it on the land, they were never actively encouraged and acknowledged.

In 2009, I enjoyed four engaging days at the 16th National Conference of the Oral History Association of Australia (OHAA), 'Islands of Memory: Navigating Personal and Public History'. The conference hosted 49 or so inspiring speakers and attracted about 135 delegates from across Australia and abroad. Held at the Tram Shed Function Centre in Launceston, Tasmania, we enjoyed the city's beautifully preserved, historic buildings and the picturesque, rural scenery of the Tamar Valley. A diverse range of topics was covered, with a mixture of single and parallel sessions. These topics spanned the use of oral sources in museums and heritage institutions, academia, the media, law courts, the arts, and family and local histories. This is a glimpse of the conference, from my perspective.

The Seminar for Arabian Studies is the only international academic forum which meets annually for the presentation of research in the humanities on the Arabian Peninsula. It focuses particularly on the fields of archaeology, architecture, art, epigraphy, ethnography, history, language, linguistics, literature, and numismatics from the earliest times to the present day. A wide range of papers presented at the Seminar are published in the 'Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies' in time for the following Seminar, reflecting the dynamism and scope of this international, interdisciplinary event. ... The contents of 'PSAS Volume 43' represent the leading edge of new research and new discoveries from the Arabian Peninsula. From the Palaeolithic period to the twentieth century, from stable isotope studies to Soqotri poetry, from medieval calligraphy to Omani healing rituals, the papers herein highlight the diversity of Arabia's heritage. Moreover, Seminar 2012 was significant for its inclusion of a special session on 'Museums in Arabia', which took place on the second and third days of the conference.

This paper investigates the role of specialized production strategies in the development of socio-economic inequalities in Bronze Age south-eastern (SE) Arabia, and particularly, the ways in which a localized, internal exchange economy may have produced stress and instability in the SE Arabian socio-economic system. While archaeological research has established that the communities of SE Arabia participated in a widespread Bronze Age exchange system that included areas of the ancient Near East, South Asia, and Central Asia, it is unclear to what degree this interaction fostered the broad-scale socio-economic changes seen in the Early Bronze Age of SE Arabia. Here we present the results of an agent-based model that suggest the nature of the internal exchange economy in SE Arabia itself may have precipitated the social conditions necessary for change by allowing individuals to profit disproportionately. We thus emphasize the importance of local production strategies in generating socio-economic change, in addition to the well-established economic and cultural contacts with the wider Bronze Age world.

This introduction deals in survey with the major issues surrounding the use of cartoons in history and historical scholarship to date; as well as arguing the need for a greater complexity of thought when dealing with questions of image construction, audience, and visual metaphor. The introduction provides a brief overview of the succeeding chapters and places them in a broader context of the history of the political cartoon. It also ties the issues dealt with in the book into the broader debates over cartoons in the present.