Association of mindfulness with psychological distress and life satisfaction in Western and Eastern meditators

Abstract

<p><b>Objective:</b> This study investigated if meditators living in India (Eastern Meditators: EMs) differed from those living in Western countries (WMs) in self-reported levels of mindfulness, depression, anxiety, stress, and life satisfaction and the association between these variables.</p><p><b> Method:</b> The 229 participants (18-81 years, <i>M</i> = 34.7 years, <i>SD</i> = 13.3; 52% EMs) completed scales measuring depression, anxiety, stress, life satisfaction, and mindfulness and its components.</p><p><b> Results:</b> WMs indicated significantly higher levels of acceptance and non-judging than EMs, but similar levels of mindful attention. For EMs, mindful attention was negatively associated with acceptance and non-judging, while for WMs these variables were not associated. WMs reported lower levels of depression, anxiety and stress than EMs but the groups did not differ in levels of life satisfaction. Multiple regression analyses showed that, for both WMs and EMs, acceptance explained significant proportions of the variance in depression, anxiety, and stress. Acceptance and non-judging explained significant proportions of the variance in life satisfaction for WMs, but only mindful attention did so for EMs.</p><p><b> Conclusions:</b> Results suggest that Western and Eastern conceptualisations of mindfulness and associated meditation practices may differ in critical ways. There is a need to develop valid mindfulness scales for use in Eastern collectivist cultures.</p><p><b> Key points</p><p><b> What is already known about this topic:</b></p><p> <ol><li>Mindfulness meditation (MM) alleviates symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress and improves life satisfaction.</li><li> Acceptance and non-judging components of mindfulness are negatively correlated with anxiety and stress but are positively related to life satisfaction.</li><li> The above findings are mainly from studies that used Western samples, with limited cross-cultural studies conducted to replicate the findings in Eastern samples.</li></ol> <p><b>What this topic adds:</b></p><ol><li> This study found that mean self-reported levels of depression, anxiety, and stress were lower in the Western Meditators (WMs) than Eastern Meditators (EMs), but there was no difference in levels of life satisfaction.</li><li> This study found that acceptance and non-judging correlated negatively with psychological distress in EMs, supporting the findings from previous studies with Western samples.</li><li> Cultural and socio-economic factors may underpin these differences between WMs and EMs.</li></ol>