High-Pressure Studies as a Novel Approach in Determining Inclusion Mechanisms:  Thermodynamics and Kinetics of the Host−Guest Interactions for α-Cyclodextrin Complexes

Title
High-Pressure Studies as a Novel Approach in Determining Inclusion Mechanisms:  Thermodynamics and Kinetics of the Host−Guest Interactions for α-Cyclodextrin Complexes
Publication Date
2000
Author(s)
Abou-Hamdan, Amira
Bugnon, Pascal
Saudan, Christophe
Lye, Peter G
( author )
OrcID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3501-558X
Email: plye@une.edu.au
UNE Id une-id:plye
Merbach, André E
Type of document
Journal Article
Language
en
Entity Type
Publication
Publisher
American Chemical Society
Place of publication
United States of America
DOI
10.1021/ja993139m
UNE publication id
une:1959.11/52839
Abstract

The first volume profiles for complex formation of α-cyclodextrins (α-CD) with diphenyl azo dyes (S) are presented as a new approach in understanding inclusion phenomena. The following dyes were selected: sodium 4-(4-diethylaminophenylazo)benzenesulfonate (1), sodium 4-(3-carboxy-4-hydroxy-5-methylphenylazo)benzenesulfonate (2), sodium 4-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylphenylazo)benzenesulfonate (3), and sodium 2-hydroxy-3-methyl-5-(4-sulfamoylphenylazo)benzoate (4). The behavior of the dyes alone were first studied in aqueous solutions to rule out any competition reaction. Under the experimental conditions used for the stopped-flow kinetic studies, it has been proved that only monomeric species are present (no aggregation of the dye is formed by π−π stacking interactions). NMR experiments and kinetic evidences have shown that only directional binding of the dye via the sulfonate/sulfonamide group through the wide rim of the α-cyclodextrin was possible. The 1:1 complex was the only stoichiometric species formed. The inclusion reactions for the four selected dyes were characterized by a two-step kinetics described by a first fast step that yields the intermediate, S·α-CD*, followed by a slower rearrangement to form the final complex, S·α-CD. 2D NMR experiments served for a molecular dynamics calculation leading to a structural representation of the intermediate and final complexes. An interpretation of the volume profiles obtained from high-pressure stopped-flow kinetic experiments have not only confirmed the so far proposed mechanisms based on "classical" kinetic investigations but offered a new focus on the inclusion process. The inclusion mechanism can be summarized now as follows: the complexation begins with an encounter of the dye and α-cyclodextrin mainly due to hydrophobic interactions followed by a partial desolvation of the entering head of the dye. The latter interacts with the two "activated" inner water molecules of the free host and their complete release is delayed by the primary hydroxy group barrier of the α-CD. At this first transition state, a squeezed arrangement develops inside the cavity inducing a negative activation volume (ΔV1,f ≈ −8 to −24 cm3 mol-1). The subsequent intermediate is characterized by a total release of the two inner water molecules and interactions of the dye head with the primary hydroxy groups of the host in a trapped-like structure (ΔV1° ≈ −11 to −4 cm3 mol-1). The latter interactions and concurrent tail interactions with the secondary hydroxy groups of the host lead at different extents to a strained conformation of the host in the second transition state (ΔV2,f ≈ −2 to −16 cm3 mol-1). In the final complex, the head of the dye is totally rehydrated as it protrudes from the primary end of the host cavity which can now adopt a released conformation (ΔV2° ≈ +3 to +6 cm3 mol-1 vs +17 cm3 mol-1 for 1).

Link
Citation
Journal of the American Chemical Society, 122(4), p. 592-602
ISSN
1520-5126
0002-7863
1943-2984
Start page
592
End page
602

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