Biology and Diet of the White-bellied Sea-Eagle 'Haliaeetus leucogaster' Breeding in Northern Inland New South Wales

Abstract

The breeding biology, behaviour and diet of the White-bellied Sea-Eagle 'Haliaeetus leucogaster' were studied throughout 69 hours of observation from nest-renovation to the post-fledging period, and by analysis of prey remains and pellets, at two nests in northern inland New South Wales in 2007. Supplementary observations and collections of food remains were made at two other nests. Egg-laying occurred in July (three clutches) and August (one clutch). At two nests, incubation (by both male and female) lasted an average of ~41 days (39 ± 2 days; 42 ± 1 days). At one nest, the nesting period lasted 78-84 days; the post-fledging dependence period lasted at least 2 months, and a juvenile still roosted in the nest area 5 months after fledging. Parental time-budgets in each phase are described and quantified, and juvenile growth and development are described. Fledgling productivity was 0.8 young per attempt over 5 pair-years. The breeding diet consisted of waterbirds, freshwater turtles and fish: mostly waterbirds and turtles in remains (n = 15 prey items), and mostly fish (82%) by observations (n = 17 items). Hunting and attack behaviour are described; seven of 18 attacks were successful (39%: all attacks on fish successful, none of 11 on birds successful).