Multi-carbohydrase enzymes improve feed energy in broiler diets containing standard or low crude protein

Abstract

This study evaluated the effect of multi-carbohydrase (MC) on energy and nitrogen (N) balance and gene expression in broilers fed diets with different crude protein (CP) contents. The study employed a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments; the factors were presence or absence of MC, and standard (SCP) or low (LCP) dietary CP concentration. A 3-phase feeding program was used, including starter (0 to 7 d), grower (8 to 17 d) and finisher (18 to 28 d) phases. The study was undertaken in closed calorimetry chambers. Each of the 4 dietary treatments was replicated eight times in total across 2 runs, with 2 birds per replicate (<I>n</I> = 64). Data for energy partitioning and N balance were collected from d 25 to 28. On d 28, birds were euthanized to collect muscle and intestinal tissue samples for gene expression. The results showed that the MC increased apparent metabolizable energy (AME, <I>P</I> < 0.01) and net energy (NE, <I>P</I> < 0.05), and reduced the feed conversion ratio (FCR, <I>P</I> < 0.01) in all diets. The proportion of energy retained as fat per total energy retention (REf/RE) was positively correlated with feed AME and NE (<I>r</I>= 0.541, <I>P</I> < 0.01 and <I>r</I> = 0.665, <I>P</I> < 0.001, respectively), suggesting that feed energy augmented with increased fat gain. Muscle ATP synthase subunit alpha (ATP5A1W) gene expression had a positive correlation with REf/RE and feed NE (<I>r</I> = 0.587, <I>P</I> < 0.001 and <I>r</I> = 0.430, <I>P</I> < 0.05, respectively). Similarly, muscle peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1A) expression was negatively correlated with weight gain and positively correlated with FCR (<I>r</I> = -0.451, <I>P</I> < 0.05 and <I>r</I> = 0.359, <I>P</I> < 0.05, respectively). These correlations show that over-expressions of muscle genes related to energy production reduce bird performance. This study demonstrated that MC increase dietary energy utilization, regardless of dietary CP concentration. However, the energy released by the enzymes increases feed energy-to-CP ratio, meaning there is excess energy that is then deposited as body fat. This suggests that supplemental MC in broiler feeds are beneficial if diets are formulated to contain marginal energy levels.