Effects of Opuntia stricta on floristic composition and diversity within Broughton Island Nature Reserve, North Coast, New South Wales

Abstract

<p>Aeolian sand dunes on the Broughton Island are heavily disturbed by nesting birds and invaded by <i>Opuntia stricta</i> (Prickly Pear). Biological control agents do not establish well on exposed coastal systems and thus herbicide treatment is currently the main control, but it is expensive in terms of resource allocation. Invasive species are generally considered by many to be controlled at all cost but in many situations, they are benign or even beneficial. We test if <i>O. stricta</i> causes significant change to the vegetation on aeolian sands on Broughton Island. 40100 m² plots were placed randomly over areas of differing cover of <i>O. stricta</i>. Within these plots additional six subplots of 4 m² were placed. All flora species were scored for cover. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed testing the effects of <i>O. stricta</i> on floristic composition and species density and turnover. Regression models showed a non-significant (r² = 0.95; <i>P</i> = 0.0557) negative effect of <i>O. stricta</i> cover on species density at the 100 m² plot size and at the 4 m² scale (r² = 0.013; <i>P</i> = 0.0858). Global comparison of species density between plots with and without <i>O. stricta</i> at the 4 m² scale was non-significant. Homogenisation occurred (lowered beta diversity) across plots with <i>O. stricta</i> presence at the 4 m² scale. More species had their average cover reduced by <i>O. stricta</i> presence than those that were benefited. The scale at which the investigation was undertaken (4 or 100 m²; species density and beta diversity) affected the magnitude and significance of <i>O. stricta</i> on the results obtained. The scale at which investigations are made was found to be of importance. Overall, although negative changes were noted in flora species diversity and homogenisation was apparent the negative impact may not be sufficient to justify the costs and resources needed to control the species which is unlikely to be eradicated from the site.</p>