Necrotic enteritis challenge and high dietary sodium level affect odorant composition or emission from broilers

Abstract

Necrotic enteritis (NE) challenge and high dietary sodium (from sodium chloride) level on odor flux from broiler litter was investigated using 160 day-old Ross 308 male chicks randomly assigned to 4 dietary treatments with 4 replicates of 10 birds each. A 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments was employed. Factors were: presence or absence of NE challenge and normal (1.6 g/kg) or high (4.0 g/kg) dietary sodium (Na) level. On d 20, odorants were collected from litter headspace with a flux hood and measured using selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS). On d 33, while challenge did not lead to higher mortality, it reduced feed intake by 5.48% (<i>P</i> < 0.05) and body weight gain by 9.02% (<i>P</i> < 0.01) and worsened FCR by 5 points (<i>P</i> < 0.01), indicating subclinical necrotic enteritis occurred in challenged birds. Challenge increased (<i>P</i> < 0.01) litter moisture and litter headspace concentrations of dimethyl sulfide (<i>P</i> < 0.05), propyl mercaptan (<i>P</i> < 0.05), total butanols (<i>P</i> < 0.05), acetoin (<i>P</i> < 0.01), skatole (<i>P</i> = 0.05), butyric acid (<i>P</i> < 0.05), and methyl amine (<i>P</i> < 0.05) and tended to increase concentrations of ethyl mercaptan (<i>P</i> = 0.07), carbon disulfide (<i>P</i> = 0.09), indole (<i>P</i> = 0.10), and formic acid (<i>P</i> = 0.10) compared to the unchallenged group. The birds fed a high Na diet produced higher litter moisture (<i>P</i> < 0.01) and higher litter headspace concentration of sulfur compounds and phenol (<i>P</i> < 0.01) compared to those fed a normal Na diet. In the birds fed a high Na diet, challenge increased the litter flux of some additional odorants, which included 2,3-butanedione (<i>P</i> < 0.05), acetic acid (<i>P</i> < 0.01), propionic acid (<i>P</i> < 0.01), isobutyric acid (<i>P</i> < 0.01), isovaleric acid (<i>P</i> < 0.01), pentanoic acid (<i>P</i> < 0.05), 2-butanone (<i>P</i> < 0.05), and 3-methyl-1-butanol (<i>P</i> < 0.05). These findings suggest that both a high Na diet and sub-clinical NE increase the odor nuisance potential of broiler farms.