Blurred lines: The convolution of anti-doping in sport and national policies towards the use of performance and image enhancing drugs

Abstract

Anti-doping has evolved from a historically independent and un-coordinated movement to what is now a largely coherent and unified crusade, inclusive of global government, national government and sport authorities, and headed by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). The growth of the anti-doping movement has not been limited to size but the scope has likewise expanded as the movement has consistently called for and successfully accrued more powerful weapons in the doping fight. While doping controls within sport have been successively ratcheted up, our attention here is with the breach of anti-doping beyond the boundaries of sport, to target social consumers and traffickers of performance and image enhancing drugs (PIEDs).