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A library of glycoconjugate benzene sulfonamides have been synthesized and investigated for their ability to inhibit the enzymatic activity of physiologically relevant human carbonic anhydrase (hCA) isozymes: hCA I, II, and tumor-associated IX. Our synthetic strategy directly links the known CA pharmacophore (ArSO2NH2) to a sugar 'tail' moiety through a rigid 1,2,3-triazole linker unit using the Cu(I)-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction or 'click chemistry'. Many of the glycoconjugates were potent CA inhibitors and exhibited some isozyme selectivity. In particular, the methyl-D-glucuronate triazoles 6 and 14 were potent inhibitors of hCA IX (Kis 9.9 and 8.4 nM, respectively) with selectivity also favoring this isozyme. Other exceptional compounds included the deprotected B-D-ribofuranosyl triazole 15 and α-D-mannosyl triazole 17, which were potent and selective hCA II inhibitors (Ki 7.5 nM and Ki 2.3 nM, respectively). Collectively, the results confirm that modification of ring size, stereochemical configuration, and chain length in the sugar tail moiety of glycoconjugate CA inhibitors permits tunable potency and selectivity that may constitute an important avenue for the future development of efficacious and selective CA-based therapeutics. |
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