Appendices Appendix A Attachments related to the History of OBM Appendix A presents documents relevant to the development of OBM, including: A-1 Bạch Mã timeline with reference to major external events. A-2 Governors-General of French Indochina A-3 Letter from French archives to BMNP, September 2002 Appendix B Memories of OBM Appendix B includes a translation of : B-1. Thân Trọng Ninh 2002 Tìm Lại Bạch Mã Xưa (To look for old Bạch Mã) and translations of the oral history collection B-2 Oral History Project – Information for Participants B-3 Oral History Project – Interview Consent Form B-4 Bà Bờ interview B-5 Bà U interview B-6 Ông Hoàng Nhi Chắt and Bà Nguyễn Thi Thạo interview B-7 Ông Hông interview B-8 Đồ Phong Cúc interview B-9 Lê Hữu Con interview B-10 Ông Nguyễn Thúc Tuân written response Appendix C Architectural site plans and photos by analytical zone C-1 Northwest Residential Zone 1 (NWR) C-2 Northern Residential Zone 2 (NR) C-3 Northeast Residential Zone 3 (NER) C-4 Central Residential Zone 4 (CR) C-5 Eastern Residential Zone 5 (ER) C-6 Western Residential Zone 6 (WR) C-7 Southern Residential Zone 7 (SR) C-8 Scout Leaders Training Camp, Zone 8 C-9 Site recording form C-10 Spreadsheet incorporating site details Appendix D The ceramic assemblage from Bạch Mã Mountain. D-1 French or high quality wares relating to use in OBM villas …… D-2 Vietnamese style ceramics ……………………………………….. D-3 Ceramic artefact recording form …………………………………. D-4 Spreadsheet of artefact details …………………………………… Appendices A-2 Appendix A Attachments related to the History of OBM Appendix A presents documents relevant to the development of OBM, including: A-1 Bạch Mã timeline with reference to major external events. A-2 Governors-General of French Indochina A-3 Letter from French archives to BMNP, September 2002 A -3 A pp en di x A -1 B ạc h M ã tim el in e w ith r ef er en ce to m aj or e xt er na l e ve nt s D at e B ạc h M ã ev en ts V ie tn am e ve nt s In te rn at io na l e ve nt s Fe b 18 59 S ai go n oc cu pi ed b y F ra nc o- S pa ni sh f or ce ( H al l, 19 70 :6 48 ) Ju ne 1 86 2 T u D uc c ed es S ai go n an d th re e ea st er n pr ov in ce s to F re nc h (H al l, 19 70 :6 49 ) Ju ly 1 86 3 L ag ra nd iè re s ig ns tr ea ty w ith N or od om f or C am bo di an pr ot ec to ra te ( H al l, 19 70 :6 51 ) A pr il 1 88 2 R iv iè re s ei ze s H an oi ( H al l, 19 70 :6 60 ) A ug us t 1 88 3 C ou rb et a tta ck s H ue ( H al l, 19 70 :6 60 ) O ct . 1 88 7 Fo rm at io n of U ni on I nd oc hi no is e (H al l, 19 70 :6 64 ) 18 98 G ov er no r- G en er al D ou m er cr ea te s fi sc al u ni ty in I nd oc hi na (E nn is 8 6) . D ou m er g iv es ap pr ov al f or d ev el op m en t o f D al at (J en ni ng s, 2 00 3: 15 9) 19 04 - 19 05 Ja pa n de fe at s R us si a in a s er ie s of la nd a nd s ea b at tl es ( C or nw el l, 19 80 :4 62 ) 19 06 Pa ul B ea u in tr od uc es m od er n ed uc at io n sy st em ( H al l, 19 70 :7 61 ) A pp en di ce s A -4 B ạc h M ã ti m el in e w it h re fe re nc e to m aj or e xt er na l e ve nt s D at e B ạc h M ã ev en ts V ie tn am e ve nt s In te rn at io na l e ve nt s 19 07 B ea u es ta bl is he s U ni ve rs it y of H an oi , c lo se s fo ll ow in g ye ar (H al l, 19 70 :7 61 ). 19 10 Ph an B oi C ha u ex pe lle d fr om Ja pa n fo llo w in g F re nc h lo an (H al l, 19 70 :7 62 19 11 C hi ne se R ev ol ut io n 19 12 P ha n B oi C ha u fo rm s A ss oc ia ti on fo r th e R es to ra tio n of V ie tn am (H al l, 19 70 :7 62 ) 19 16 A tte m pt ed r eb el lio n, tr oo ps di sa rm ed in H ue ( H al l, 19 70 :7 63 ) 19 18 M an da ri na te c om pe tit io n ab ol is he d Q uo c ng u ad op te d (V ie n, 19 93 :2 18 ) Ja n. 1 91 8 W oo dr ow W il so n’ s 14 p oi nt s su pp or t f or p ri nc ip le o f na tio na l in de pe nd en ce ( L ow e, 1 98 2: 20 ) 19 19 19 22 E m pe ro r K ha i D in h go es to P ar is se ek in g ne w d ea l ( H al l, 19 70 :7 63 ) 19 25 N at io na l p ar k pr op os ed f or B ạc h M ã - H ai V an G -g V ar en ne ta lk s ab ou t e ve nt ua l in de pe nd en ce f or V N ( E nn is , 19 36 :1 04 ) Fo rm at io n of A ss oc ia tio n of R ev ol ut io na ry V ie tn am es e Y ou th in C an to n (H al l, 19 70 :7 64 ). H o C hi M in h an d B or od in le av e C an to n A pp en di ce s A -5 B ạc h M ã ti m el in e w it h re fe re nc e to m aj or e xt er na l e ve nt s D at e B ạc h M ã ev en ts V ie tn am e ve nt s In te rn at io na l e ve nt s 19 29 R ic e pr ic es f al l a s a re su lt of a n ew Fr en ch ta ri ff p ol ic y (N or lu nd , 20 00 :2 17 ) S to ck -m ar ke t c ra sh in U S – S ep t. 12 1 93 0 20 ,0 00 p ea sa nt s de m on st ra te in V in h, co lo ni al tr oo ps o pe n fi re & a ir cr af t st ra fe , 2 17 k il le d 12 7 in ju re d D ev el op m en t o f N gh e T in h so vi et s (V ie n, 1 99 3: 20 7- 8) 1 M ay 1 93 0 M ay D ay c el eb ra ti on s in B en T hu y, N gh e A n, F re nc h op en f ir e ki ll in g 7 an d in ju ri ng 1 3 (V ie n, 1 99 3: 20 6. 19 30 M an y gr ea t l an do w ne rs in so lv en t (H al , 1 97 0: 7 87 ) G re at D ep re ss io n Ja n. 1 93 0 Fi rs t C on gr es s, I nd oc hi na c om m un is t pa rt y in H on g K on g, H Q m ov ed to H ai ph on g (H al l, 19 70 :7 65 ) 19 30 Fo rm at io n of B oy S co ut s in T on ki n (K ro on en be rg , 2 00 5) Fe b. 1 93 0 Y en B ay m ut in y (M ar r 19 81 :3 83 ) 19 30 -3 1 “N gh e- T in h so vi et ” m ov em en t i n N gh e A n an d H a T in h. 3 00 0 ki ll ed in Se pt em be r 19 30 . Sp re ad s to Q ua ng N ga i. (M ar r 19 81 :3 83 ) 19 31 Ja pa ne se in va si on o f M an ch ur ia (L ow e, 1 98 2: 13 8) A pp en di ce s A -6 B ạc h M ã ti m el in e w it h re fe re nc e to m aj or e xt er na l e ve nt s D at e B ạc h M ã ev en ts V ie tn am e ve nt s In te rn at io na l e ve nt s Ju ne 1 93 1 H o C hi M in h ar re st ed in H on g K on g, to b e de po rt ed b ut r el ea se d (H al l, 19 70 :7 64 ) S ep t. 19 31 M an ch ur ia in ci de nt r es ul ts in Ja pa ne se o cc up at io n of M an ch ur ia (H oo k, 1 97 3: 19 1) 19 32 Ja pa ne se o pe n se co nd f ro nt in S ha ng ha i, es ta bl is h M an ch uk uo (H oo k, 1 97 3: 19 2) M ay 1 93 2 K in g B ao D ai r et ur ns f ro m Fr an ce . T he f ir st E ur op ea n ed uc at ed r eg en t ( H al l, 19 70 :7 66 ) Ju ly 1 93 2 G ir ar d su rv ey s B ạc h M ã D ec . 1 93 2 H ar e- H aw es -C ut ti ng In de pe nd en ce A ct p as se d in U S in su pp or t o f Fi li pi no in de pe nd en ce , ve to ed b y P re s. H oo ve r (H al l 19 70 , 7 72 ) 19 33 C on st ru ct io n of m od es t w oo de n co tt ag e. N gô Đ ìn h D iệ m a m on g a ne w gr ou p of m in is te rs in H ue ( H al l, 19 70 : 7 66 ) H it le r co m es to p ow er in G er m an y (L ow e, 1 98 3: 60 ) 19 34 R oa d su ita bl e fo r ch ai se o pe ne d to su m m it O ct . 1 93 4 L on g M ar ch b eg in s in C hi na (H oo k, 1 97 3: 18 9) A pp en di ce s A -7 B ạc h M ã ti m el in e w it h re fe re nc e to m aj or e xt er na l e ve nt s D at e B ạc h M ã ev en ts V ie tn am e ve nt s In te rn at io na l e ve nt s 19 35 K in g B ao D ai m ar ri es o ut si de ro ya lt y. B oo m e co no m ic y ea r in S ai go n (V ie n, 1 99 3: 21 0) Ju ne 1 93 6 E co no m y be gi ns to r ec ov er a ft er D ep re ss io n (M ar r 81 ,:7 ) P op ul ar F ro nt , s oc ia li st , go ve rn m en t i n Fr an ce ( T an , 19 64 :4 43 ), u nd er L eo n B lu m (L ow e, 1 98 2: 60 ) 19 36 17 ti m be r ch al et s bu ilt W or ki ng c on di ti on s im pr ov e, in cr ea si ng w or ke r m il it an cy (V ie n, 1 99 3: 21 4) 19 36 K in g B ao D ai o ff er s la nd in B ạc h M ã to A nn am B oy S co ut O rg an is at io n 19 37 R oa d su ita bl e fo r ve hi cl es o pe ne d to 5 00 m as l Ja pa ne se a tta ck o n C hi na ( L ow e 12 2) J ap an es e bl oc ka de C hi ne se po rt s an d de m an d In do ch in a st op su pp ly in g m at er ia l t hr ou gh Y un na n (A nd ru s & G re en e, 19 44 :3 53 ) 19 37 B ạc h M ã B oy S co ut T ra in in g C en tr e op en ed ( K ro on en be rg 20 02 , 3 ) 12 D ec . 1 93 7 Ja pa ne se c ap tu re o f N an ki ng , 10 0, 00 0 ki ll ed ( H oo k, 1 97 3: 19 5) A pp en di ce s A -8 B ạc h M ã ti m el in e w it h re fe re nc e to m aj or e xt er na l e ve nt s D at e B ạc h M ã ev en ts V ie tn am e ve nt s In te rn at io na l e ve nt s 19 38 R oa d to s um m it c om pl et ed . 4 0 ne w c ha le ts c om pl et ed D em oc ra tic F ro nt o f In do ch in a es ta bl is he d in S ai go n (V ie n, 19 93 :2 10 ), s pr ea ds to A nn am & T on ki n Ja pa ne se a tta ck s on S ou th C hi na , se iz e C an to n (M ar r, 1 98 0: 11 0) A pr il 1 93 8 L eo n B lu m ’s P op ul ar F ro nt br ou gh t d ow n (L ow e, 1 98 2: 64 ). A cc es si on o f co ns er va tiv e D al ad ie r go v’ t ( M ar r, 1 98 0: 11 7) Ju ly 1 93 8 B oy S co ut tr ai ni ng c am p co m pl et ed a nd f ir st c ou rs e co m m en ce d B ao D ai v is it s P ar is to p ro po se tw o pa rt s of V ie tn am u ni fi es a nd E m pe ro rs a ut ho ri ty r es to re d – re tu rn ed e m pt y ha nd ed H al l, 19 70 : 8 64 ). D ec . 1 93 8 H ai ph on g- Y un na n ra il li ne c lo se d (A nd ru s & G re en e, 1 94 4: 35 3) Fe b. 1 93 9 H ai na n Is la nd o cc up ie d, b lo ck in g se a ro ut e to H ai ph on g (A nd ru s & G re en e, 1 94 4: 35 3) M ar . 1 93 9 Fr en ch r eo pe n Y un na n ra il li ne A pr il 1 93 9 Ja pa ne se o cc up y Sp ra tle y I sl an ds an d bo m b Y un na n ra il lin e at M en gt ze ( A nd ru s & G re en e, 19 44 :3 54 ) 1- 3 S ep t. 19 39 G ov er no r- G en er al C at ro ux ta ke s of fi ce a nd c al ls f or g en er al m ob il is at io n (D ui ke r, 1 98 1: 59 ) G er m an y in va de s P ol an d an d B ri ta in a nd F ra nc e de cl ar e w ar A pp en di ce s A -9 B ạc h M ã ti m el in e w it h re fe re nc e to m aj or e xt er na l e ve nt s D at e B ạc h M ã ev en ts V ie tn am e ve nt s In te rn at io na l e ve nt s S ep t. 19 39 N az i- So vi et p ac t a p re te xt f or Fr en ch to g ao l a s m an y IC P ca dr es a s po ss ib le ( M ar r, 19 80 :1 17 ) 26 S ep t. 19 39 Fr en ch c ru sh T ro ts ky is ts in S ai go n M ay 1 94 0 O nl y ge ne ra l s ta te m en ts a bo ut th e pr ep ar at io n fo r w ar in I ch ( A nd ru s & G re en e, 1 94 4: 35 4) G er m an y in va de s F ra nc e 12 J un e 19 40 S ia m /F ra nc e no n- ag gr es si on p ac t (H am m er , 1 95 4: 25 ) 22 J un e 19 40 Fr en ch s ig n ar m is ti ce w it h G er m an y (J en ki ns , 2 00 1: 13 8) 30 J un e 19 40 R ea r A dm ir al D ec ou x na m ed n ew go ve rn or o f In do ch in a (J en ki ns 20 01 :1 39 ) Ju ne 1 94 0 A lli es a tta ck F re nc h fl ee t a t M er s- el -K éb ir , 1 30 0 Fr en ch s ai lo rs ki lle d. ( A ld ri ch , 1 99 6: 27 5) 29 A ug us t 1 94 0 D ec ou x si gn s fi rs t t re at y w it h Ja pa ne se to in te gr at e V N in to Ja pa ne se e co no m ic s ph er e (J en ki ns , 2 00 1: 13 9) 16 S ep t. 19 40 R ea r- A dm ir al P la to n co lo ni al m in is te r A pp en di ce s A -1 0 B ạc h M ã ti m el in e w it h re fe re nc e to m aj or e xt er na l e ve nt s D at e B ạc h M ã ev en ts V ie tn am e ve nt s In te rn at io na l e ve nt s 22 S ep t. 19 40 D ec ou x si gn s se co nd tr ea ty w it h Ja pa n gu ar an te ei ng F re nc h so ve re ig nt y ov er I nd oc hi na a nd al lo w in g Ja pa ne se tr oo ps to e nt er an d m ov e fr ee ly in th e co un tr y (J en ki ns 2 00 1, 1 39 ). 22 S ep t. 19 40 G en er al N is hi ha ra a tta ck s Fr en ch po si ti on s at L an g S on ( Je nk in s 20 01 :1 39 ) 1 50 F re nc h li ve s lo st O ct . 1 94 0 Ja pa ne se p la n to e nc ou ra ge na ti on al is t m ov em en ts in In do ch in a w ith th e ev en tu al re m ov al o f Fr en ch ( E ls br ee , 19 53 :1 7) N ov . 1 94 0 A ll el ec te d bo di es a bo lis he d (H am m er 3 3) . D ec ou x or de rs fu rt he r na ti ve tr oo p m ob il is at io n (M ar r, 1 98 0: 11 7) 23 N ov . 1 94 0 U pr is in g in s ou th , 8 p ro vi nc es , te ns o f th ou sa nd s of p ea sa nt s in vo lv ed ; f ir st u se o f re d fl ag w ith ye ll ow s ta r. F re nc h re sp on se br ut al , 1 00 0s k il le d an d 80 00 de ta in ed ; m or e th an 1 00 I C P ca dr es e xe cu te d (M ar r, 1 98 0: 8; V ie n, 1 99 3: 22 4) A pp en di ce s A -1 1 B ạc h M ã ti m el in e w it h re fe re nc e to m aj or e xt er na l e ve nt s D at e B ạc h M ã ev en ts V ie tn am e ve nt s In te rn at io na l e ve nt s D ec . 1 94 0 – Ja n. 19 41 Fr an ce a nd S ia m in d ir ec t c on fl ic t Fr en ch f le et d es tr oy s S ia m es e na vy J an ua ry 1 7 19 41 Ja pa n m ed ia te s be tw ee n Fr en ch an d Si am es e 13 J an . 1 94 1 U pr is in g in N gh e A n P ro vi nc e as a ga rr is on m ut in ie d an d m ar ch ed on V in h (V ie n, 1 99 3: 22 5) A pr il 1 94 1 Ja pa n si gn s N eu tr al it y P ac t w it h R us si a (H al l, 19 70 :8 17 ) M ay 1 94 1 In do ch in es e ec on om y re or ie nt ed to w ar ds J ap an ( M ar r, 1 98 0: 11 0) 6 M ay 1 94 1 Fi rs t a nn ua l e co no m ic a gr ee m en t, Ja pa n – In do ch in a (H am m er , 19 54 :2 8) M ay 1 94 1 H ồ C hí M in h em er ge s fr om G ua ng xi a nd f or m at io n of V ie t M in h (H al l 7 65 ). V ie t M in h be gi ns a v it ri ol ic d en un ci at io n of D ec ou x co lla bo ra to r an d Ja pa ne se fa sc is ts ( M ar r, 1 98 0: 11 8) Ju ne 1 94 1 Fr en ch S ia m es e un de cl ar ed w ar (H am m er , 1 95 4: 25 ) 22 J un e 19 41 G er m an y at ta ck s R us si a (H al l, 19 70 :8 17 ) A pp en di ce s A -1 2 B ạc h M ã ti m el in e w it h re fe re nc e to m aj or e xt er na l e ve nt s. D at e B ạc h M ã ev en ts V ie tn am In te rn at io na l e ve nt s Ju ly 1 94 1 A m er ic an o w ne d su pp lie s at H ai ph on g se iz ed ( A nd ru s & G re en e, 1 94 4: 37 2) S yr ia c on qu er ed b y al lie s (J en ni ng s 20 01 :3 ). J ap an es e sh ip pi ng to U S c ur ta il ed ( A nd ru s & G re en e, 1 94 4: 37 2) . B ri ti sh , U S D ut ch e m ba rg o on o il an d ir on o re ex po rt s fo llo w in g Ja pa ne se oc cu pa tio n of I nd oc hi na (K en ne dy , 1 98 7: 30 3) 29 J ul y 19 41 Ja pa ne se la nd in S ai go n (H am m er 26 ). ‘ Fi gh tin g ar m y’ f ro m H ai na n oc cu pi es S ai go n (A nd ru s & G re en e, 1 94 4: 37 2) N ov . 1 94 1 15 0 Ja pa ne se te ch ni ci an a rr iv e to re or ga ni se I nd oc hi na in du st ry (M ar r, 1 98 0: 11 0) 6 D ec . 1 94 1 R oo se ve lt a pp ea ls to H ir oh it o to w ith dr aw tr oo ps f ro m I nd oc hi na (H am m er , 1 95 4: 27 ) 7 D ec . 1 94 1 Ja pa ne se in fi ltr at e H an oi (H am m er 2 7) 8 D ec . 1 94 1 Ja pa ne se a tta ck P ea rl H ar bo ur 9 D ec . 1 94 1 Jo in t d ef en ce a gr ee m en t b et w ee n Fr en ch a nd J ap an es e. F re nc h re sp on si bl e fo r se cu ri ty in no rt he rn I nd oc hi na ( S m ith , 19 78 :2 79 ). F re nc h so ve re ig nt y co nf ir m ed ( H am m er , 1 95 4: 27 ) A pp en di ce s A -1 3 B ạc h M ã ti m el in e w it h re fe re nc e to m aj or e xt er na l e ve nt s D at e B ạc h M ã ev en ts V ie tn am e ve nt s In te rn at io na l e ve nt s Ja n. 1 94 2 In va si on o f B ur m a (H al l, 19 70 :8 18 ) 15 F eb . 1 94 2 S in ga po re f al ls ( H al l, 19 70 :8 18 ) M ar ch 1 94 2 H en ri B re ni er a dv is es P et ai n to e xt en d th e N at io na l R ev ol ut io n to I nd oc hi na an d to p ro vi de g re at er a ut on om y (J en ki ns 2 00 1: 22 ) A pr il 1 94 2 Ju le s B ré vi é, f or m er g ov er no r of In do ch in a be co m es c ol on ia l s ec re ta ry (J en ki ns 2 00 1: 16 ) M ay 1 94 2 B ri ti sh o cc up y M ad ag as ca r (J en ni ng s, 20 01 :3 9) N ov . 1 94 2 V ic hy lo se c on tr ol o f al l A fr ic an co lo ni es ( Je nk in s 20 01 :3 ) 19 42 Fo rt y- fi ve c ha le ts e re ct ed fr om th e gr ou nd E ar ly 1 94 3 L ac k of f ue l f or ce s m os t m ot or ve hi cl es o ff r oa d (M ar r, 1 98 0: 11 1) 19 43 T hi rt y ch al et s un de r co ns tr uc ti on . T ot al o f 13 0 ch al et s. Pr ic es r is e sh ar pl y in I nd oc hi na a s tr ad e w it h Ja pa n re st ri ct ed b y B ri ti sh na vy a nd U S a er ia l b om bi ng . In do ch in a se lf s uf fi ci en t i n m an uf ac tu re o f qu in in e (H am m er , 19 54 :2 9, 3 2) . D ec ou x pl an s to de ve lo p D al at a s th e Fe de ra l C ap ita l (D ec ou x, 1 94 9: 40 1) . A pp en di ce s A -1 4 B ạc h M ã ti m el in e w it h re fe re nc e to m aj or e xt er na l e ve nt s D at e B ạc h M ã ev en ts V ie tn am e ve nt s In te rn at io na l e ve nt s M ay 1 94 3 Ja pa ne se p ro te ct V ie tn am es e no n- co m m un is t n at io na li st s an d sp on so r re vi va l o f R es to ra tio n L ea gu e (M ar r, 1 98 0: 11 6- 7) G ua ng ch ow an f or m al ly o cc up ie d by J ap an es e (A nd ru s & G re en e, 19 44 :3 60 ) 23 J ul y 19 43 D ec ou x in ve st ed a s P ri nc e P ro te ct or o f th e em pi re , i n D al at (D ec ou x, 1 94 9: 14 4) A ug us t 1 94 3 In do ch in a on ly F re nc h co lo ny re m ai ni ng u nd er V ic hy c on tr ol (J en ki ns , 2 00 1: 3) B ur m a m ad e no m in al ly in de pe nd en t b y Ja pa ne se ( H al l, 19 70 :8 23 ) 15 O ct . 1 94 3 Ph ili pp in es in de pe nd en ce u nd er Ja pa ne se ( H al l, 19 70 :8 23 ) M ar ch 1 94 4 Ja pa ne se o ff en si ve to w ar ds B ur m es e bo rd er o f A ss am ( S m it h, 19 78 :2 77 ) A pr il 1 94 4 ‘I ch ig o’ o pe ra ti on in C hi na ag ai ns t a ir ba se s us ed b y U S (S m it h, 1 97 8: 27 7) 6 Ju ne 1 94 4 D -D ay in va si on o f N or m an dy be ac he s (K ro on en be rg , 2 00 5: 5) Ju ly 4 4 G en er al M or da nt m ad e D el eg at e- ge ne ra l i n In do ch in a bu t D ec ou x re m ai ns G -G ( N it z, 1 98 3: 33 6) R em ov al o f V ic hy g ov er nm en t (M ar r, 1 98 0: 11 9) 25 A ug us t 1 94 4 L ib er at io n of P ar is ( L ow e, 19 82 :1 92 ) A pp en di ce s A -1 5 B ạc h M ã ti m el in e w it h re fe re nc e to m aj or e xt er na l e ve nt s D at e B ạc h M ã ev en ts V ie tn am e ve nt s In te rn at io na l e ve nt s A ut um n 19 44 Fr en ch r es is ta nc e to J ap an es e oc cu pa tio n in cr ea se s af te r lib er at io n of F ra nc e (N itz , 19 83 :3 36 ) Ja pa ne se c ou nt er o ff en si ve in S ou th C hi na ( M ar r, 1 98 0: 11 9) S ep t. 19 44 B an li ft ed o n in fo rm at io n ab ou t D e G au lle , P et ai n an d V ic hy sl og an s re m ov ed ( N itz , 1 98 3: 33 6) O ct .- N ov . 1 94 4 S to rm s in n or th d es tr oy c ro ps (M ar r, 1 98 0: 11 3) L at e 19 44 R um ou rs o f Ja pa ne se g ra nt in g se lf -r ul e to I nd oc hi na ( M ar r, 19 80 :1 17 ) 9 M ar ch 1 94 5 Fr en ch r es tr ic te d to H ue , a ba nd on B ạc h M ã Ja pa ne se c ou p de f or ce T ak eo ve r pr io r to a p os si bl e U S la nd in g, a ls o in s up po rt o f V ie tn am es e in de pe nd en ce ( N itz , 19 83 :3 38 ) Fi re b om bi ng o f T ok yo b y U S 11 M ar ch 1 94 5 In de pe nd en ce o f V ie tn am pr oc la im ed b y E m pe ro r B ao D ai 12 M ar ch 1 94 5 Ja pa ne se s en d so m e pe op le to B ạc h M ã Ja pa ne se C om m an de r pl ed ge s th e Ja pa ne se a rm y’ s su pp or t f or ‘ an y en de av ou r to s at is fy th e ea ge r de si re o f in de pe nd en ce ’ (E ls br ee , 19 53 :2 5) A pp en di ce s A -1 6 B ạc h M ã ti m el in e w it h re fe re nc e to m aj or e xt er na l e ve nt s D at e B ạc h M ã ev en ts V ie tn am e ve nt s In te rn at io na l e ve nt s Ju ly 1 94 5 Po ts da m C on fe re nc e de ci de s th at S E A C om m an d sh ou ld r eo cc up y In do ch in a so ut h of 1 6t h pa ra lle l w hi le C hi ne se n at io na lis t f or ce s pr ov id e tr oo ps n or th o f th at li ne (A no n. , 1 96 6) 2 S ep t. 19 45 Ja pa ne se s ig n un co nd iti on al su rr en de r 19 46 Fr en ch r et ur n D ec . 1 94 6 O ut br ea k of f ir st I nd oc hi na W ar 19 47 M os co w d ec la re s su pp or t f or pa tr io ti c el em en ts f ig ht in g co lo ni al is m ( L aw re nc e, 2 00 8: 36 ) A ug us t 1 94 7 In di a an d P ak is ta n ga in in de pe nd en ce ( C or nw el l, 19 80 :3 94 ) 19 48 C om m un is t i ns ur re ct io n in B ur m a an d M al ay a, c om m un is t t ak eo ve r in C ze ch os lo va ki a, ( L aw re nc e) 19 49 Fr an ce – U S a nd 1 0 ot he r na ti on s es ta bl is h N A T O ( L aw re nc e, 20 08 ) 19 49 C hi ne se c om m un is ts c om e to po w er ( H oo k, 1 97 3: 20 0) A pp en di ce s A -1 7 B ạc h M ã ti m el in e w it h re fe re nc e to m aj or e xt er na l e ve nt s D at e B ạc h M ã ev en ts V ie tn am e ve nt s In te rn at io na l e ve nt s Ju ne 1 95 0 O ut br ea k of K or ea n W ar (L aw re nc e, 2 08 ) 19 53 K or ea n W ar e nd s (L aw re nc e, 20 08 ) M ar ch 1 3 19 54 V ie t M in h at ta ck Đ iệ n B iê n Ph ủ (L aw re nc e, 2 00 8) 7 M ay 1 95 4 V ie t M in h oc cu py Đ iệ n B iê n P hủ (D ui ke r, 1 98 1: 16 2) 19 55 Fi rs t U S ad vi se rs in V ie tn am N ew c on st it ut io ns f or C am bo di a an d L ao s ex cl ud e m en tio n of Fr en ch U ni on 19 56 D R V C on st it ut io n A ll F re nc h tr oo ps w ith dr aw n fr om In do ch in a D iê m f ai ls to o rd er r ef er en du m 19 57 R oa d to B ạc h M ã re op en ed . N gô Đ ìn h C ẩn f or ce s re se tt le m en t o f fa rm er s to B ạc h M ã D iê m r es et tle m en t p ro gr am m e in C en tr al a nd S ou th er n H ig hl an ds 19 61 E sc al at io n of U S in vo lv em en t i n V ie tn am u nd er P re s. K en ne dy A tt em pt ed c ou p in S ou th V ie tn am 19 64 T on ki n G ul f in ci de nt 19 65 Fi rs t U S tr oo ps e nt er B ạc h M ã U S tr oo p st re ng th r ea ch es 1 50 ,0 00 19 66 U S b om bi ng o f B ạc h M ã be gi ns Ja n. 1 96 8 A pp en di ce s A -1 8 B ạc h M ã ti m el in e w it h re fe re nc e to m aj or e xt er na l e ve nt s D at e B ạc h M ã ev en ts V ie tn am e ve nt s In te rn at io na l e ve nt s Ju ly 1 96 9 U S ai rb or ne a ss au lt on B ạc h M ã an d es ta bl is hm en t o f Fi re -b as e S le dg e 19 73 U S tr oo p w it hd ra w al 12 O ct . 1 97 3 N V A o cc up y Fi re -b as e Sl ed ge 19 75 A gr ic ul tu ra l t ri al s in B ạc h M ã 19 86 C on se rv at io n ar ea e st ab li sh ed a t B ạc h M ã H ải V ân D oi M oi p ol ic y in tr od uc ed 19 89 19 91 B ạc h M ã N at io na l P ar k es ta bl is he d Se ve n na tio na l p ar ks e st ab lis he d ac ro ss V ie tn am . C ol la ps e of S ov ie t U ni on Fife 2009 Appendices A19 Appendix A-2 Governors-General of Indochina The table lists the names and periods of holding the post of Governor-General of Indochina. Two of these men, and Brévié went on to be Minister of Colonies, Sarraut in the Republic and Brévié in the Vichy government. Table A1-1 Governors-General of Indochina Governor-general Term begins Term ends Jean-Marie De Lanesson 1891 1894 (Thomas, 2005:65) Paul-Armand Rousseau Dec. 1894 Mar. 1895 (Ennis, 1936:80) Fauras Mar. 1895 Feb. 1897 (Ennis, 1936:80) Paul Doumer Feb. 1897 Mar .1902 (Ennis, 1936:80) Paul Beau Oct. 1902 1907 Antoni Klobukowski Sept. 1908 Jan. 1910 (Ennis, 1936:89) Albert Sarraut Nov. 1911- 1916- 1913 1919 (Thomas, 2005) Albert Sarraut, Minister of Colonies 1921 1925 Maurice Monguillot May 22 1919 Feb. 19 1920 (Ennis, 1936:92) Maurice Long Feb. 20 1920 Apr. 14 1922 (Ennis, 1936:103) Baudoin, Chief resident of Cambodia acts for Long during an illness 1922-3 Maurice Merlin Aug. 1923 Apr 1925 (Ennis, 1936:104, n48) Alexandre Varenne June 1925 Nov. 1925 Oct. 1927 (Thomas, 2005:65) Apr. 1928 (Ennis, 1936:106) Pierre Pasquier Aug. 1927 Jan. 1934 (Ennis, 1936:92) Jules Brévié 1936 1939 Georges Catroux Sept. 1939 1940 Admiral Jean Decoux June 1940 1945 Fife 2009 Appendices A20 Appendix A-3 Copy and translation of letter to BMNP from French Archives at Aix-en-Provence, 17 September 2002 English translation Sir, We carried out research to identify information on the climatic station of Bạch Mã. In the written archives, only the document of which you will find a photocopy herewith was found: it is a matter that appeared in Colonial Illustrated World of September 1939 preserved among the documentary resources of the Archives at Aix-en-Provence Fife 2009 Appendices A21 of overseas colonies. A more detailed research in the resources of the government- general of the Indochina, the Superior Residence in Annam or those to the ministry of the Colonies 'new Indochina resources’ should eventually identify other pieces of information. The Centre does not have the resources to carry out such research. In the matter of the drawings and pictures, we did not find any documents on the requested theme. I inform you that the major part of the archives of the Superior Residence in Annam is preserved to the [Vietnamese] Centre of the National Archives no2; 2 ter Le Duan, Dist. 1 at Ho Chi Minh City and that the Director is Mr. Phan Dinh Nham. [This archive is now located in Dalat]. Please accept, Sir, the expression of my distinguished consideration. Signed by the Conservator General (Edited from an original translation done with http://ets.freetranslation.com/, 13 February 2009.) Fife 2009 Appendices A22 Appendix B Appendix B includes a translation of Thân Trọng Ninh (2002) Tìm Lại Bạch Mã Xưa (To look for old Bạch Mã) and translations of the oral history collection. B-1 Thân Trọng Ninh (2002) Tìm Lại Bạch Mã Xưa (To look for old Bạch Mã) B-2 Oral History Project – Information for Participants B-3 Oral History Project – Interview Consent Form B-4 Bà Bờ interview B-5 Bà U interview B-6 Ông Hoàng Nhi Chắt and Bà Nguyễn Thi Thạo interview B-7 Ông Hông interview B-8 Đồ Phong Cúc interview B-9 Lê Hữu Con interview B-10 Ông Nguyễn Thúc Tuân written response Fife 2009 Appendices A23 Appendix B-1 To Look for old Bạch Mã Thân Trọng Ninh 2002 Nghiên Cứu Huế Tập Ba-2002, pp. 293-7 Translator : Nguyễn Thị Diệu Vân, August , 2006 Recently, there is much talk about Bạch Mã, the holiday resort located in Phu Loc district, Thua Thien Hue province. It was found in 1932 by a Frenchman, his name was M. Girard. Newspapers, magazines, and TV speak highly of Bạch Mã. A lot of meetings were organized to discuss the nature of Bạch Mã. Tourist offices have started to offer short tours, the road was rebuilt, a guesthouse and a restaurant were built to welcome guests. The image of a holiday resort was restored after being forgotten for a half century. But, few people can imagine that Bạch Mã at one time was much celebrated. This author had been living there in 1940 until 1945. After the August Revolution, the country changed, and because of special circumstances, the Bạch Mã holiday resort entered into hard times. The whole imposing nature area was gradually destroyed by people who lacked knowledge and a sense of natural disaster ... until now. Nowadays, the country is at peace, we just see the ruined places. I returned to Bạch Mã after 1979 to look for the old house where I had been living, When there, a lot of old memories reappeared in my mind. At the time I lived there, my family had four chalets, (34 Than Trong Phuoc; 35 Than Trong Khoi, (1350 meters elevation); 137 Than Trong Yem, (1230 meters elevation) and Than Trong Phat). At Bạch Mã, I often went with my parents for a holiday rest, avoiding the hot weather in Hue. My house was numbered 137, at an altitude of 1230 meters, in front of the Indochina boy/girl scout camp. To go to Bạch Mã, we took a car, leaving from the Morin Hotel in Hue. We went along Highway 1. It goes south to Cau Hai market about forty kilometres from Hue. In the famous Cau Hai Lagoon there are fish, shrimp, crabs, cuttlefish and mussels. There we turned right, along Highway 8, crossing the Ly district (Phu Loc’s old name) to the foot of the Cau Hai Pass six kilometres from there. From there, the car climbed the fourteen kilometres slope to the top. The mountain road was tortuous: on one hand was the granite and schist cliff, on the other hand the abyss. The forest was very dense higher up on the mountain. On both sides of the road there was cane- brake, which encroaches on the main road. There were many kinds and sizes of fern trees, also, giant ferns, moss clinging to the rocks, leaves rising up and growing in a clump. A lot of land-orchids with attractive colours, a lot of wild orchids clinging to the high branches on the mountain side under the cliff on the street, we often heard a couple of pigeons singing, and hovering. The forest–cock with motley feathers, the Boucal bird appeared on the road, the brown-squirrel jumped from this branch to another branch, to gnaw at ripened nuts on the tree, looking bright-eyed. The gibbon’s Fife 2009 Appendices A24 howl resounded from near and far. The sound of geckos, birds making music with not a very tuneful melody. On the street, we could hear rushing waterfalls that drowned the screams of the car’s diesel engine while climbing the steep-sloping road. The weather at an altitude of over 600 meters is different. When at the summit, all sides were covered by clouds. Sometimes, short, heavy showers created a wet mist and made it feel a little chilly. To cross Girard Pass at 16 kms the bus ran across a bridge to “The Turtle Valley”, (vallee de la Tortue) at an altitude of 1200 metres. From there it went to 18 kms to a parking area and infirmary. The bus then crossed “Huong Dao” bridge along to “Cac Ngon Nui” street (Rout des cretes), down to the bus station. “Huong Dao” bridge crossed the stream that flows to “Hon Da Ca Hat” valley, (vallee de la pierre qui chante). There were a lot of streams and cisterns here that both flowed and merged to the dam, then from there, the water flowed down the “Big Waterfall”, (Grand de Cascade). This column of water is 200 metres high. From the big falls it runs down to the “Small Waterfall”, (Petite Cascade). At the top of Bạch Mã Mountain there were about 140 houses built of wood, and strong stone. There were many types and sizes. Some houses were located on the top of the mountain, other houses were on the side of the mountain. Some houses were built on the gravelly soil and others made of wood were on stilts. From this house to another house one had to walk along the side of the mountain or must go around the valley. Sometimes one had to climb a slope or go down the steep slope of a cliff. The owners of these houses were French and Vietnamese officials, who were government officials for the Nam Trieu regime. Most of them lived in Hue, and others came from other cities. They took their families for vacation at Bạch Mã on the weekends. A few families stayed for the summer months on the mountain. The food supply for the town was provided by two French restaurants, Morin Freres and Chaffanjon, and another restaurant, SOCOA that was a Vietnamese restaurant. Everyday at 9 a.m., a car or bus brought the restaurants’ bread, butter, cheese, meat , canned foods, dinner wine, and fruit from Hue city. At the Morin Restaurant, it often sold sweet cakes called, “pain d’epices” from France. We liked to eat them, because they were different! Another supplier brought fresh seafood, such as, fish, shrimp, crabs, cuttlefish and mussels which were caught in Cau Hai lagoon. People from Cau Hai brought ripened nuts, jackfruit, pineapple, longan, and papaw from the flat country here to sell. From early in the morning they were out as a group hard-carrying produce by means of a shoulder pole. They had a guard to protect them. They used a gong and beat a drum to drive away the dangerous animals, such as bears, tigers, and panthers which lived between Km 6 and Km 10 , In Bạch Mã, at 8 or 9 a.m. in the morning, housewives who lived in the mountain, always went quickly to the market, often meeting the produce sellers at Km 18, (at Huong Dao bridge) to buy goods - because it was cheaper and those selling produce always had everything. And besides, there were often fights over buying goods at the central market near the post office. It was not sunny on top of mountain, even in the summer season. The sun just rose, then the clouds covered the summit. Sometimes, the dense cloud cover made the sun dim, and after that, a short pouring rain. Fife 2009 Appendices A25 There is a small leech called, “con vat”, (terrestrial leech) it will attack tourists if they unfortunately step on the grass on the roadside. The black marble-worm , this short myriapod will coil themselves as a marble and roll away to avoid its enemy. After the rains, earthworms, as fat as a forefinger and as long as 30-40 cm (11 to 16 inches!), appear on the red earth mound on the roadside. Bạch Mã weather was suitable for everyone, the best time was before the rainy season. Most people put on weight when they lived there. It was wonderful to hike up or down the mountain, pick flowers, catch butterflies. There , at the high mountain top (which is 1.430 meters ), was built a gazebo (Vong Canh Hill). Come here when the sky is not cloudy. You will see Tourane (Da Nang) City in the south, Marble Mountain, and Son Tra Island. Look to the north, you will see Cau Hai all the way to Tam Giang Lagoon which looks like a very blue range, Linh Thai mountain which is near Tu Hien seaport, and Tuy Van which has a famous pagoda, is in another lagoon. Hue is far away from Da Nang as the crow flies, so you will just see it at night when the city is lit up. Da Nang’s lamplights are bright all night long. Beside Vong Canh Hill, tourists often went out to other places, such as “Hon Da ca hat” Park. Here was smooth grass, in front of the church that had a bell-tower from which the bell pealed and resounded across the mountain air and forest every evening. Catholics went to the church every Sunday morning. At the church, the parish priest, a Frenchman who lived in Hue city, only came there on Sunday. At the front of the church, the flower garden was large and beautiful. A murmuring brook flowed down through small and big stones. There were many kind of flowers which the people brought from Da Lat in good weather, and put on the lawn of the church. So, the flowers were in bloom, the special flower was the bigger grapefruit. It was turquoise or violet in colour and is called “Cam Tu Cau”, (hortensia). It grew and bloomed at Bạch Mã. These flowers don’t have a scent but are beautiful and they grow in the mountains, although they grow better in the delta. The swimming pool, close to the tennis court, was an attractive place for Western- tourists. Take a hike to Km 18, there was the Indochina Training Camp. In the summer season, I often met old Hoang Dao Thuy and Professor Ta Quang Buu at the boy/girl scout youth camp. They came here to give training courses to teach how to be a leader. People came for the training courses from both in-country and from outside the country, such as Cambodia, Laos, and France too. These courses took three months. Sometimes, they lit campfires at night. They organised big games to involve the tourists. Their singing resounded in the southern forest of the holiday resort. From the training camp, far to the west you could see a big waterfall with the pool, and a small waterfall. The water-rail flower (Rhododendron) blooms in the Spring- Summer season , blazing red all along the stream. The road was difficult to walk because the stones were slippery and was easy to lose one’s way so, only strong young people went there during a nice day. Further to the north, we could visit a forest nursery garden, Da Lat flower, and Sapa vegetable gardens. All trees grow very well there. A nursery grew many Hoang Da Fife 2009 Appendices A26 (Dacrydium pierrei) also called Bạch Mã Pine tree, on the side of the mountain, the shape of the tree is nice and its height rises to welcome the cloudy and windy sky. The young and fresh vegetable garden with French beans, green beans (petit pois) spiral salad, Taibeo salad was grown between red tomatoes and carrots. Beds of strawberries sprawled on the ground with the sweet, sour fruits, green cauliflower trees, heavy with fruit, all of it was very attractive for people who came to buy ... (Sketch not reproduced) Looking down to Da Nang Bay, Hon Yen, and Marble Mountain from Vong Canh Hill (from gazebo). Painter: Than Trong Ninh , August, 22, 1944. I lived at Bạch Mã every year for 3 months, where it gave me the best health and I put on much weight in the stress-free summer time compared with the rest of the year. After the summer holiday and back to Hue, I returned to city living. I wished the next summer would come sooner, so I could go back to Bạch Mã. Thank goodness for the environment that was given to Hue people to have a wonderful vacation place. Then everything changed. Over the last half century, Bạch Mã was devastated, engulfed in ruins by natural disasters, people, and fate... We must do more to rebuild the past splendid image of Bạch Mã. Nowadays, we see the tremendous value of Bạch Mã. It is a wonderful place!! And now it has even more function as a nature preserve and national park of the country. But .....when will it be like before?? I hope that day is not far away. Nowadays, we talk about Bạch Mã, as something new, but Bạch Mã is not new, Bạch Mã is very old. Because few people know about the old story (of Bạch Mã), I wrote this article to help people know about Bạch Mã’s scenic beauty in the 1940s, which any one of my age will never forget. Many times, I came back to Bạch Mã, seeing the ruins which made my heart feel sad and in great anguish. I remembered the poem of Madam Huyen Thanh Quan, called, “The Nostalgia” that has some sentences that are right with my heart now: The carriage was on the old grass path the old palace gate in the shade of the setting sun steady as a rock with time the water , frowning with the change ....... people here , heart broken by the sight Our former, lovely house (Number 137) was sunk in thick grass, covered by the mountain and forest. I hope the golden days of Bạch Mã will revive sooner! Fife 2009 Appendices A27 Addenda: Need to know more about Bạch Mã holiday resort? 1. Bạch Mã holiday resort was first discovered on July 28th and 29th, 1932 by a civil engineer, M. M. Girard, a Frenchman. 2. The pinnacle of Bạch Mã is 1,450 meters (According to a French document) The pinnacle of Bạch Mã is 1,444meters (According to Binh Tri Thien's map (1985) The average height of the mountain is 4,500 feet; equivalent to 1.371 meters (American document). 3. A footpath was built in 1934 for palanquins to go to the top - 17 chalets built in 1936. - The motor road was only 500 meters above sea level in 1937 - After the motor road was completed to the top in 1938, 40 more chalets were built. - There were 45 more chalets in 1942. - At the end of 1943, there was a total of about 140 chalets, there were two Morin hotels and the Bany Hotel which had 15 beds. 4. The average temperature at the holiday resort: from February to May is 10-22°C. From June to September it is 18°C. The temperature reaches 4°C in the winter season, but is higher to 26°C in the summer season. The rainy season is from September to the end of the year, with an average rainfall of 3000-3500mm. - The average humidity is above 85%. 5. The number of plants, (total in 1997) is 943 species of 137 families. The number of animals, (total in 1997) is 723 species of 117 families. Apparently, there are 49 unique animals that are .so special they were written up in the Vietnam Red Book - In June, 1962, Nguyen Huu Dinh, engineer, proposed the establishment of the “Lam Vien Bạch Mã Hai Van National Park”, project, incorporaing 78000 hectares in area. Lam Vien Bạch Mã–Hai Van National Park would create a nature preserve, a place with many natural, biological sights that would attract ecological tourism and would be a beautiful place for public entertainment. In 1986, the Socialist Republic of Vietnam set its official policy to protect the forest and nature in Bạch Mã and signed an agreement to establish 87 nature reserves. The Government approved the Bạch Mã National Park establishment techniques, and until 1991, management was directly under the Ministry of Forestry, (now called the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development). Bạch Mã National Park has an area of approximately 22,031 hectares and a buffer zone of 21,300 hectares. - 7. In Tourism magazine (No. 25, 1999) of Da Nang city, on page 20, it has pictures on the top of the page with a wrong caption: “The church was built on the top of the mountain in 1935 by people from France. This is actually the picture of Chaffanjon grocery store, (Magasins Chaffanjon, “ MAGCHAF”). - 8. In Phanxipang's book , " Hue Now" , Thanh Nien (youth's) magazine, new world magazine published in 2000, on page 136, it was written “Albany Hotel”, but at that time, I only knew of the Bany Hotel. Fife 2009 Appendices A28 References 1. Indochine Magazine, No.159, published, September 16, 1943, pages 14-17. 2. Catalogue des especes vegetables et animales. Project WWF/EC (Vietnam 00/12/01) Parc National de Bạch Mã. 3. Management Plan Bạch Mã National Park (Thua Thien Hue) June, 1990. 4. The Bird Catalogue of Bạch Mã–Hai Van–Bana National Park. WWF/EC Bạch Mã National Park, 1996 project. 5. The report’s meeting minutes, about the Pheinardia ocellata (crested argus pheasant ) and the white crested pheasant. September 19-20, 1995. 6. Private document from 1943. 7. Roland Eve and J.E.Vidal’s document. 8. The report about establishing Lam Vien Bạch Mã–Hai Van National Park by Nguyen Huu Dinh, engineer, (1962). Fife 2009 Appendices A29 Appendix B-2 Information for Participants UNE Letterhead ( to be translated into Vietnamese, to appear on 2 sides of a single sheet of paper) Bạch Mã Hill Station Oral History Project Information for Participants A cooperative project between Bạch Mã National Park University of New England, Vietnam (054 871 1330) Australia Mr. Le Quy Minh Dr Peter Grave (61 2 6773 2062 Mr. Ton That Hoang Vinh or pgrave@une.edu.au) C/- Bạch Mã Visitors Centre. Mr Ray Fife (054 871 1330) C/- Bạch Mã Visitors Centre or 091 278 3539 The Bạch Mã Hill Station Project is a one year project jointly funded by Bạch Mã National Park and Mr Ray Fife. The aim of the oral history project is to collect information about the history of Bạch Mã Hill Station and the environment and heritage in the national park and the surrounding area. The project includes: Oral history interviews with local people about Bạch Mã Hill Station and associated places and events. Historical research about Bạch Mã in Hue and Saigon. Archaeological excavations of some sites in the old hill station Development of a database of historical knowledge of the place and people associated with Bạch Mã. The information gathered during the project will be used in the archaeological study to identify areas suitable for archaeological excavation. The information will also be used: to prepare information for brochures, booklets, and the Bạch Mã National Park website, explaining the history of Bạch Mã for visitors to the national park The information will be used in the PhD research by Mr Ray Fife of the University of New England, Australia. The research is being conducted in Phu Loc District and Hue City among people who have direct experience or information about Bạch Mã Hill Station. People chosen for interview will be selected based on their knowledge of the French occupation of Bạch Mã. Participation is completely voluntary and participants can withdraw from the project at any time, until the information is processed. Participants will be interviewed by Bạch Mã National Park staff. Interviews will take about an hour. They will be held in either Phu Loc or Bạch Mã, and will be recorded with the participant’s permission. Fife 2009 Appendices A30 Some people may be asked to visit the hill station to talk about their experience. At Bạch Mã those people will be taken to visit some places where they used to work and asked to talk about their memories. Their stories will be recorded and they may be filmed during part of the trip. Those people will be taken to the hill station by a car from Bạch Mã National Park and will be given lunch and dinner and a room for the night. If those people have any other expenses from this trip they should ask the interviewer for recompense. This trip should not cost the interviewee anything. Information collected will be stored in a secure room at Bạch Mã Administration Centre. The University of New England also requires transcripts to be kept for a period of 5 years after the study is completed. Copies of translations of transcripts will therefore also be kept for 5 years in a locked filing cabinet at The University of New England, Australia. Recordings and extracts from your interview may be made available on the Bạch Mã National Park website, but only if you give your permission for this (please see Consent form). In any publication of information collected during the project your identity will not be disclosed, unless you give your permission. Additionally, we will not identify in publications any people you tell us about. Any proceeds from the sale of books or brochures will be used for the management of Bạch Mã National Park. For information about the project or to register interest in participating contact Le Quy Minh or Hoang Vinh at the Bạch Mã Visitors Centre (054 871 1330). Ray Fife can be contacted at Bạch Mã National Park or on 091 278 3539. Dr Peter Grave at the University of New England can be contacted C/- The School of Human and Environmental Studies, UNE, NSW 2351, Australia, telephone 61 2 6773 2062, or pgrave@une.edu.au. Thank you for taking an interest in the Bạch Mã Hill Station project. I look forward to meeting you. Ray Fife Research Student University of New England This project has been approved by the Human Ethics Research Committee of the University of New England (Approval No. …….., Valid to ../../….) Should you have any complaints concerning the manner in which this research is conducted, please contact the Research Ethics Officer at the following address: Research Services University of New England Armidale, NSW, 2351 Australia Telephone: 61 2 6773 3449 Facsimile: 61 2 6773 3543 Email: Ethics@pobox.une.edu.au Fife 2009 Appendices A31 Appendix B-3 Interview Consent Form UNE Letterhead ( to be translated into Vietnamese and to be produced on a single piece of paper) The Archaeology of Cultural Interaction in French Colonial Vietnam: Bạch Mã Hill Station Oral History Project Interview Consent Form I have read the information sheet about the Bạch Mã Hill Station Oral History Project and I understand what it is about. I understand that I am under no obligation to participate in this research and realise that if I agree to talk with members of the Research Team I am free to stop an interview at any time. I agree to talk with members of the Research Team for about one hour about Bạch Mã in the 1930s and 1940s, about people and events that happened. I would prefer to talk to the Research Team at: My home……………………………Another place…………………… (please specify) I agree to have my talk digitally recorded and transcribed……Yes/No (please circle yes or no) I understand I will be given a transcribed copy of my recorded talk. If I don’t want to be recorded, I agree to talk to a member of the Research Team and have them take notes. …………………………………………………..Yes/No (please specify yes or no). I understand that during the course of the Research Project the original recording and transcript of my interview will be stored in a locked filing cabinet at Bạch Mã National Park, and only accessed by members of the Research Team. The University of New England requires that a copy of the interviews be kept for 5 years. Therefore, a translated transcript will also be kept for 5 years in a locked filing cabinet at the University of New England, Australia. Fife 2009 Appendices A32 At the completion of the Project I choose to: (a) Have copies of my interview lodged in: a. Bạch Mã National Park Visitors Centre……………Yes/No (please circle yes or no) b. Hue University Library …………………………… Yes/No (please circle yes or no) c. Available on the Bạch Mã National Park website……Yes/No (please circle yes or no) or (b) Have copies of my interviews destroyed after the completion of the Research project……………………………………………………. Yes/No (please circle yes or no) or (c) Have all copies of my interviews returned to myself or a member of my immediate family…………………………………………………….. Yes/No (please circle yes or no) Please specify the family member that you want to receive the interview ……………………………… I am happy to have my information placed into a computer database for use by Bạch Mã National Park staff……………………………………………………/No (please circle yes or no) If my information is placed in a database I would like/not like (please specify) to be identified as contributing to the database. I agree to have my photograph taken and used for the purposes of this research Yes/No (please circle yes or no) At a later date would you agree to travel to Bạch Mã Mountain, to visit an archaeological site and be filmed talking about your memories of the place………Yes/No (please circle yes or no) Signed………………… Date…………………….. Fife 2009 Appendices A33 Appendix B-4 Bà Bờ Interview (Recorded in Cầu Hai in late May 2006, interview with Lê Quý Minh and Mr Phương, transcribed by Lê Quý Minh, translated by Tôn Thất Hoáng Vinh, edited Ray Fife. Interview conducted in Bà Bờ’s home. Questions asked by both Minh and Phuong) Q: Only 2 people went up? L: That nun and I, in about 1945, when Japan staged the coup d’etat Q: Do you remember what that house was like? L: At the front it looked down to the scout trail. Q: How about the interior of the house? L: It was divided into 3 parts, the front opposite the road, there used to be a Buddha statue in the front, which was as big as a vase. Q: A Buddha statue? Was there anything else inside? L: Nothing, only the walls. Q: She stayed there alone? L: Yes Q: What did she do? L: I don’t know, I carried things up at 3 pm, stayed there overnight but went back early the day after, at about 5am. Q: Where did you sleep? L: In that house, at that time there was no electricity, we used kerosene lamps. That nun had a very sound mind and was very religious. Q: Were there many people up there? L: At that time, Japan overthrew France and sent her up there. There were many other people but they all die now, you could get lots of information if these people were still alive. I carried rice up for her only twice. Q: In what year did you go up? L: In 43 or 44 Q: Were there many French then? Fife 2009 Appendices A34 L: No, when I was there, all the French had fled, only a few people who worked for the French as guards were still there. They were the people who guarded the plot, planted chayote, green beans for the French. Q: Do you still remember their names? L: They’ve all died now. Q: Some of them are still alive like Mr Chac, my grandfather’ brother. L: Let’s try asking him, but he may not know that nun and her name, we only carried things up and stayed there during the night. That nun was very virtuous, meek and beautiful. Q: How did you go up there? Was there any car? L: We only walked up. Sometimes there were some French cars. Q: Could you take a lift up? L: No, only walking up, the French didn’t give us a lift. At that time, the road was opened only to the km 10, from there the palanquin was used, 4 people would carry a person, a French lady or gentleman. Cars were used for the whole trip only when the road was opened to the resort area. My father guarded the house for Mr Luc Lo. I remember an old local song. ( local song, chantey) Appreciation for the Government Constructing the road to Bạch Mã, make thousands of people come Associations. Mandarin of all kinds, Private, public groups making their own roads Good to know that the communities, associations Sending labourers to get money. Some breaking rocks for houses, Some others cutting from rock for construction. There re skipped parents, Going with friends for happy work, Sawing group is from Mr Ho Km1, Km2 is close, That come to the public works of the communities, Fife 2009 Appendices A35 Km3, Km4 rather far, Event that but everyone was trying to work Moving up, evening moving back to the village People came from Bai, Con hamlets Me, Ga villages as well All the close, to the further villages Thua Luu, Nuoc Ngot to Truoi came too! Phu Bai, Nam o , Nong villages attending to the work in here. Coming here attending to group of Mr Cao, Quy Mr Bon, Liem also the working group When the wages time came noisily Mr Quang, Gian run escaping from people. Mr Liem was seriously in debt. Mr Sang seemed also left as the other. Making house asked Mr Dao, Cai Sawing workers asked Mr Hoi, Tam Carpenters asked Mr Trac, Ninh Loggers are Long Nguyen Quyen Le Nho The 8 people discussing for the working out with other work In some other offices as Mr Quy mentioned One day, they gathered and moved to Mr Vi to get money After that they packed food to go. Estimating about 10 days trip hard working After coming back met the Forest-guard The Guard asked whose logs are here Mr Nguyen quickly replied These belong to Mr Vi, who based on French Event with or not permission. Making house for De la Forste ( FPD) he also not need permit Car come up and down After that they had a fine for illegal log come by post Fife 2009 Appendices A36 Because Mr Vi know and close to some French people so he did not mention his logging to the FPD while Mr Nguyen had Tax on the logging. Mr Nguyen had tolen to the Hue FPD and they came for the fine People tell the story by singing rhyme song I was about 15-16 years old then, and it took them at least ten years to build Bạch Mã. Construction was started in 1935 when Bao Dai (the last king of the Nguyen Dynasty) was still on his throne. Bao Dai once came to Bạch Mã and at Mut Bai rivulet, he dropped his hat to which 2 golden letters BD as big as three fingers were fixed. My father found it when passing by, but he was so rustic, he didn’t know these letters were made of gold. Q: Where did Bao Dao stay that time? L: He only went there to visit during the day. He never had a house there. Q: Formerly, where did they plant vegetables? L: They planted cabbage, chayote, green beans at km 17 where the restaurant is now located. I’ve just been there in January last year with six people from Da Nang and my son also joined that trip. Q: Where did they take the product after harvesting? L: They took them down and sold to their partners down here. Q: Were these products expensive? L: They were, because no one grew them down here. Furthermore, the weather at the summit is cool. Q: How much was a cabbage then? L: I don’t know, the price depends on the weight. I used to carry cabbage down for them Q: Where was the market at that time? L: A little above the green board, go further the old street, near the Martin plot. It is difficult to see now because of many trees. The people from Da Nang took me up so that I could show them. I thought that many ruins must have been restored, but when I came up I saw only the foundations. If those 170 villas still remained, it would be very beautiful and more visitors would come. Q: Were there many people at the hotel at that time? Fife 2009 Appendices A37 L: No. There was no hotel then, only houses. All the houses up there had a fireplace inside Q: Where did they throw the garbage? L: There was not much garbage, they dug holes to bury them. I tried to go back there to see a very beautiful swimming pool, but it seems that it has been destroyed. All the plafonds were made of ironwood like my house’s. Q: This ironwood is from Bạch Mã? L: Yes, it was brought from Bạch Mã and I bought it. Q: When did you buy it? L: The year when Japan staged the coup d’etat. The French ran away and they took the wood down to sell for money. All the houses used only ironwood. Houses there were very beautiful. They were located on the hill, and also down the hill. Q: When Japan gained power, were the French arrested? L: Yes. The French ran toward the Satadour rivulet and a lot died. They run there because from there they could go to Truoi. Satadour rivulet has now become a tourism trail. Q: Were these people arrested? L: I don’t know if they were arrested or not. During that time, only the Japanese went up, we didn’t. Q: Did anyone get lost in the forest? L: The local people are very familiar with the forest, so they never get lost. There were also many people from other places who came here to work. At that time, many people came here to work. Q: Where did they get the wood and stone? L: From the mountain, they built houses with split stone. They took and split the stone anywhere that they could. At that time, many people from many places such as Nong, Truoi, Xom Me, Xom Ga, Thua Luu, Nuoc Ngot, Phu Bai…came to work in Bạch Mã. Q: Were there many tigers at that time? L: A lot. But we often saw elephant instead. Elephants often came down to eat paddy. When we carried goods to Khe Da rivulet, we encountered 3 or 4 mother and baby elephants. Each time they ate , they used their trunks to pull the paddy up, they could clear a 500 square metre paddy field in a moment. I remember they once killed 4 elephants at km 4 and a lot of villagers came there to take the meat. Fife 2009 Appendices A38 Q: Who killed the elephants? Did they kill the elephants for meat only? L: The French let Mr Cuu Vi (a close friend of the French) to use the gun and shoot the elephants. Q: Besides elephants did they hunt any other animal? L: As I know, elephants only. Some ethnic minority people also caught and took some elephants down. These people lived in the deep forest, they periodically came out of the forest to exchange corn for salt, usually about every 10-15 days. Q: How did they go to the forest? L: I don’t know, only know that when the local authority called on people to hand in banana, they came, bringing their children along. They let the mahout bring any child who was ill or had scabies to pass under the elephant’s belly. Q:Who was Mr Cu Vi and why did he have so much power? L: He was a local villager who lived near Mr Ta’s house. Q: Is there anyone around here still who has things brought from Bạch Mã? L: No. They sold everything to get money. Q: After the Japanese coup d’etat, did they renew Bạch Mã? L: No, they just left it as it is right now Q: At that time, were there any French at the place where Bạch Mã office is now located? L: No, there was only a telephone. Q: Where was that? L: Just the same place as right now……………. That time, I was working at the hospital plot, at km17. My father contracted to supply materials there, he called the villagers to work for him. He received cement and lime up there. Q: When was the hospital built? L: I don’t remember, about 2 years before the Japanese coup d’etat. L: At that time, thousands of people from here went up Q: What did they carry up? L: They carried upbraised fish which was put in an earth pot, pork which was sliced to sell to the workers Q: They assigned and left Bạch Mã in winter? Fife 2009 Appendices A39 L: They went down in winter. The French who went up there were civilians, not from the troops. Q: Did people go up there to take the rattan? L: No, there was too much rattan down here. Q: How about the wood? L: They took the wood from there to build Bạch Mã, the same for stone, they didn’t carry these thing down because its too far and high. When the Japanese coup d’etat occurred and then the famine, people began to look for and exploit Kieng Kieng wood upward from the Truoi Lake source. Q: Did they open a trail? L: The trail was very narrow and dangerous, they did this heavy work just because of the famine. I felt great pity for Bạch Mã then. Q: There was a place called the Vietnamese Village at Bạch Mã. Where was it? L: There was no village, that was only a simple camp, tents to stay in. When its due, they all left. Q: It is told that there was bulldozer sign. Why was that? L: At km 4, in 1957, an engineering division came to construct the road, they made that cement sign but it has been destroyed. Q: Was it very interesting before? L: Of course, Q: Formerly, when you went up, did you have to bring along rice to eat? L: We carried a lot of rice up and there were a lot of workers. Anyone who had a plot hired a lot of workers and they had their partner to carry rice up for them. Q: Did you often carry rice up? L : Yes Q: What time did you start carrying rice up? And what time did you reach the destination? L: We started at about 3 or 4 am and reached the place at about noon. After weighing, we had lunch and then went down at about 1pm, going down was much quicker. We also carried up cement, bricks, tiles…because these things were so heavy, so we threw part of them in the drain. Anyone who went and collected these things could build houses for themselves. Q: Did they carry a whole cement pack? Fife 2009 Appendices A40 L: Some brought the whole pack, men often had a papoose and took it on their back. Two women often shared a pack and a half. At that time a pack of cement was not much but Barin is heavy, a Barin was made of plank and was very heavy. We lined the cement paper inside and poured the cement in. We carried the cement up and weighed it up there, but the Vietnamese… L: ...kerosene, we opened the barrel and shared into many parts to carry, 4 or 5 people may carry a Barin depending on their strength. Some may carry only half of the kerosene barrel. Q: How did they pay you for carrying things up? L: They weighed things, then they gave you a piece of paper, then you gave that paper to the contractor who hired you to carry things. At that time, Mr Do, Mr Que, and Mr Ngan were the contractors of cement, brick , tile… Q: How about using a palanquin to go up? Was a palanquin always ready there to take people up? L: If there were French coming the next day, the leader of the village would inform the villagers. The villagers liked to do this work very much because they could get some money from that. Four people would carry a palanquin. Q: How much did they pay for carrying them up? L: 3 to 5 “giac” to take them up. Q: How much was 1 “giac” worth? L: At that time, 1 “giac” could buy 3kg of rice. Q: Where did they take the tiles from? L: Somewhere, I don’t know, the tiles were taken to the contractor and piled at the foot of the mountain. We just came there and told the contractor how much we could carry, 30 tiles for example, they would let you took out 30 tiles and gave you a small paper, when you were up there at the summit, they would check again. But that 30 tiles may become 25 because we may throw 5 away along the road. Once up there, we would cheat, for example, anyone who still kept 30 tiles would go first to be checked, and then we would secretly take the tiles from the checked person to add to the unchecked one. It was the same for the cement. You know we often took ash from home to put into the cement to make the amount lighter. Later, when they used the cement they recognized the bad quality and they decided to weigh the cement, but we could still cheat them with the same way as counting tiles. Fife 2009 Appendices A41 Q: Could a Renault go up or did they use mainly palanquin? L: At that time, they also used jeeps to go up, the French had 4 or 5 jeeps to go up and often parked at a garage at km 10, then they continued to go up by using a palanquin. Q: So at that time the road hadn’t been built to the resort yet, had it? L: Not yet, later they continued to build the road following the steel bridge. Q: Was the garage below or above the steel bridge? L: Below the steel bridge is at km 15, and the garage at km 10. Now the garage must have been covered. Q: Was the garage large? Was it on the right or left side when we went up? L: On the left. Large enough for 3-4 jeep. Mis Can, Mr Vay’s daughter, often carried things to the summit, she had an adulterous affair with a driver named Carize. One time, we carried things up and reached a place called Mut Bai, someone in the group wanted to make fun of her and said out loud that Mr Carize was driving up. Ms Can turned back so hurriedly that her shoulder pole slipped off her shoulder and all her peanuts, orange fell on the road. Later, there was a rhyme that went: Meet at Mut Bai rivulet. Orange, peanut fall out just because of Mr Carize It was very interesting each time went up to Bạch Mã. We went in a group of many people such as Mrs Thien, Mrs Me, Mrs Lien…. Q: The French must have felt very bored to stay up there. L: Before the coup d’etat, rich people buried their gold, treasure up there. Mr Mao, Mr Nghi’s father, guarded the Martin plot. Mr Martin was very rich and he buried his fortune there. Mr Nghi knew and he later found that fortune. Q: I mean that it is sad and boring up there. L: It’s not interesting now just because everything has been covered by the forest. At that time, there were many plots such as the Post Office, Martin, Bui Huy Tin, Charla, Luc Lo, the Army Camp, the Scout Camp… the Army Camp was very big and covered by leaves. Soldiers often went up with horses carrying food. There was a man from Binh Dinh whose name I forgot, and another man named Quang. When they saw I was carrying heavy goods, they helped me by putting my goods on the horse’s back. Later, people who came to carry Kieng Kieng wood often stayed overnight in that camp. Q: What was the present restaurant used for? Was it an army base? Fife 2009 Appendices A42 L: The army base was later built. Before, the people who grew cabbage often pitched camp there. At that time, Bao An had yet to come into being. Bao An house was built just in 1957 or 1958. The engineering division came to Bạch Mã later. The steel bridge is at km 15, the turn at km 16, station at km 17. I’m 83 years old now. Q: So you are the same age as Mr Chat. L: Mr Chac is one year older than me Q: Gu? What kind of animal is that? L: It is as big as a pig, with slanting eyes. It doesn’t like our horizontal eyes, so it just wants to pull our eyes out. We often went in groups so that the Gu were scared of us. There were often many Gu at km 10. They often ate buds there. Q: Are they Bear? L: Yes, that’s right. In other places, it is called Bear, but here it is called Gu. Q: Were there a lot of Bears a long the road? L: They often ate Doac trees from which people often took the thread to make conical hats. Nowadays, to make the conical hat, people use fishing line instead. L: At the place where there is still a big tree. The tree in font of what is called Do Quyen Guesthouse now. Q: There used to be a lot of big trees before? L: Many more than nowadays. That’s the reason why they cut to build houses. Q: They cut trees there and built the houses, didn’t they? L: Yes Q: How about stone? L: Along the way from the foot to the top, so much stone, workers just came to take it. Q: Did they carry steel up? L: Of course. They carried up everything. If you had money, you could do many things. Formerly, the villagers were uneducated, rustic and the village mayor was very powerful. My father found the gold letters fixed in Bao Dai’s hat and the village mayor forced him to hand it in or he would be put into prison. Q: So did King Bao Dai ever go to the summit. Did he often go there? L: Just sometimes. Q: …to cook meals for her? Fife 2009 Appendices A43 L: No, there was a manservant to prepare the meals. Q: So she had a manservant? L: Yes. I came there to work as a babysister for Madam Sharla. Q: Did she buy food from the market? L: No, she ate only western food. She had 2 children. When I came there to work for her, she called me Chi Hai. I once took her children out to Cau Hai, my friends asked me if I could speak French or I had to get married with the manservant before she taught me to speak French. I was quite scared and decided not to stay any more. I could speak some French then. Later, when the French forced us to carry brick to build the fortresses up there, I could speak some French, so they let me not to carry. The French said: “Alez suces travail” I answer: “Moi ne travail”. Next day, the French come and forced me to go again, I said I was ill. He went away and then came back, giving me some medicine with a saying: Parte…… he told me to go home and sleep. From that time, I fled and did business at the market. Q: Where were the fortresses? L: At Tam La and at km 2 Q: Where did the name Bạch Mã derive from? L: I don’t know, Fife 16: (song) Q: What was at the place of the present office? L: They built a cement house as big as mine, then they put there a bed. A person was assigned to stay there to listen to the telephone. Q: Have you ever used that telephone? Was it clear? L: The same as the present telephone. Mr Dai was the one who kept the telephone at km 17. Q: So anyone who wanted to make the call up to Bạch Mã just went to that station, did they? L: Yes, like when I recently went up, they just called up to book the food. Q: The plot guard didn’t cook meals, did he? Fife 2009 Appendices A44 L: The plot owner had a manservant as I told you Q: Guarding a plot was to look after the plot and to weed, wasn’t it? L: When the French came up to stay, we stayed all the time with them to do the job. When the French came down, we also came down a few days and then went up again to look after the plot. Q: So the French only stayed there in summer while the villagers stayed all the year round. L: Yes, the villager could stay all the year and they worked for many plots. Q: How much could a person get to look after a plot? L: About 7-8 dong a month. With that sum of money, you could buy a lot of rice. Q: Was it very difficult to get that job? L: Yes, you should be introduced by a prestigious person and priority was often given to an intimate or familiar person. Fife 2009 Appendices A45 Appendix B-5 Interview with Bà U of Cầu Hai by Lê Quý Minh, October 2006 Transcribed and translated by Nguyễn Thị Điệu Vân, June 2008. MRS U Lady U: I went to the Bang Sanh market to sell. We weren’t allowed to sell along the road. From the railroad, across to the bridge, up to BM it was about 3 km to Bang Sanh market. There were hundreds house plots along the road. Interviewer: What do you bring to sell? Lady U: I sold bananas for the foreigners, and vegetables, eggs, and fish. I bought fresh fish then cut it to small pieces and put them in an earthen pot and brought to the market to sell. Why do they want to interview me? Interviewer: Because if you go away one day, they will keep this document and be able to research about BM. Lady U:I am still alive. Interviewer: How many people went with you to the market? Mr. U: About 40 or 50 people. There were 100 people to carry the cement, at that time. There was no road, so, no bus could come there. Interviewer: Did foreigners walk up there? Lady U: The foreigners had money so, they hired people to carry them there by palanquin. I’ll tell you one story. At that time, some Vietnamese carried one French women to BM. Her name was Laqua. She knew how to speak the Vietnamese language, but we didn’t know that. So, on the way to BM, one of the Vietnamese said to another that she is very beautiful, I wish we can pinch her. She understood what he said but kept silent. After they carried her to BM, they asked her for payment. This French woman said, “You said you want to pinch me, so, now I will not pay you any money”. That is a funny story! Interviewer: How did they carry foreigners to BM? Lady U:They put a chair on 4 poles, and the foreigner sat on the chair while 4 people carried the chair with a pole on their shoulders. They call it a ‘palanquin’. Interviewer: How much did they pay? Fife 2009 Appendices A46 Lady U: I am not quite sure. Interviewer: Did you get interest money from what you sold? Lady U: The first time, I got about 5 pennies for a day, (5 pennies bought about 1.3kg of rice). But later, I got about 1 giac (10 pennies), 3, 5 giac per day. I sold in market for ½ month. Interviewer: Why did you not sell any more? Lady U: My husband disagreed because I was not well. He said I should sell to the market in here and not go up to BM. At that time, I had one child, so, I was very sad to stay at home. I saw other women go up to BM and they were very merry. On the way to BM they sang songs, and laughed and talked. So, I wished to join with them. Interviewer: at that time did the Japanese come here? Lady U: Yes, the Japanese and the westerner. Interviewer: where did the Japanese stay? Lady U: In here and at BM too. The westerners died a lot. Interviewer: How old are you? Lady U: I’m 87 years old. I haven't been strong for the last six months. Interviewer: Do you have friends now? Lady U: They’ve all died, just me still alive! My friends lived near the Cau Hai rail station, but now, they’re dead too. I went to BM in 1942 and was there for six months, when my husband called me back home. Interviewer: What did your husband do? Lady U: He was a warrior (fighter). [soldier] Interviewer: Where did he stay? Lady U: He stayed in Nghe An province. He was a carpenter at that time. He worked in BM. So, they chose the soldier in home. He fled to BM and did not come back home. But then they chose him, so he had to leave his job and become a warrior. [soldier] Interviewer: Did they pay a big salary to him? Lady U: They paid 3 VND for a month (1giac =10 penny for a day), but when he was a foreman in the kitchen they paid 3.8 VND. He can speak French. He learned the Fife 2009 Appendices A47 French language such as, counting numbers, counting bananas, how to say when I sell, etc. I got married to him in 1939. Interviewer: Did they grow vegetables, carrots, potatoes to sell? Lady U: Not much, they did grow a few cauliflowers. They carried sand, gravel (small stones) to build the swimming pool for westerners. Interviewer: Was the water cold?? Lady U: Yes, when we went to milestone 6, it was very cold. Interviewer: Were there many trees in there? Lady U: Yes, a lot of trees, they had to come there to cut and clear the forest. Interviewer: Were there tigers, or panthers along the road? Lady U: No, only monkeys. When we walked on BM we are very scared to look down. It is very dangerous. We just walked slowly on a small road because they had not built the main road. Now, the road is very large. I walked about 20 km. I left home at 3 am and got up to BM about 10 am, take a short rest and have lunch, then continue to go to Bang Sanh market to sell. Interviewer: Did you sell at noon? Lady U: Yes. I earned 1 giac for a day. I wouldn’t get much interest if I sold in here. If I sold everything, I got about 3.5 pennies. If I sold firewood, I got about 5 pennies. Interviewer: Did the westerner dismiss you? Lady U: No, they stayed in high places, while we sold in low places. Only the household servants went down to buy the food. Interviewer: Were they foreigners or Vietnamese? Lady U: They were Vietnamese. My family had two people who took part in the revolution. Interviewer: Where did the workers come from? Lady U: Everywhere. They came and lived in here. But they’re all dead now. Interviewer: Where was the urban district located? And is it western or Vietnamese urban district Lady U: That is Vietnamese urban district, it located close to Chau’s house. Mr. Ngan was a worker in this road, he is 76 years old now. Fife 2009 Appendices A48 Interviewer: How long did he work in there? Lady U: A long time! Interviewer: Where did the bricks come from? Lady U: We carried them. At that time, there were no bricks in BM and there was only thatch. All houses here just had thatch. The Hue people came here to work.They built a house at milestone 6. People came there to sell, have lunch, and take a rest. When the French came, the Japanese fought them. The French saved the knife and sickle to attack them but the French failed. They left a lot of things behind such as mosquito nets, blankets, clothes, jackets. When I was 9 or 10 years old, I saw the westerners come in Bạch Mã. But I didn’t know who are they?; The western went up to BM by tracksong black bus. It running in highway but sometime just one bus running. Fife 2009 Appendices A49 Appendix B-6 Interview with Ông Hoàng Nhi Chắt and Nguyễn Thi Thạo of Cầu Hai Village, October 2006, by Lê Quý Minh Transcribed and translated by Nguyễn Thị Điệu Vân, June 2008. MR Chat: Interviewer: I would like to ask some information to research about BM history: 1. I would like to know the people who have lived there and know about BM 2. The people who lived there from 1930 to 1945. 3. How about their lives, memories, and special things about BM. Chat: Tell about lives, and the guard house there. Interviewer: Was it cold and did it rain heavily there? Chat: It was very cold, not like now. It was cold during the year, there were a lot of trees and thick forest. But nowadays the trees are all cut, and the forest is destroyed. Interviewer: Who’s been there? Chat: They died. Interviewer: I know Mr Mao and some guard-house - What did they do in there? Chat: They come to the guard-house and grow the trees. A lot of people were in there but they died, just me still alive. Interviewer: Do you remember any names, or French people, or name of the Morin Hotel? Chat: I just heard about them but never saw or met them it is very hard to near by them we just stand inside our house and look outside at them. They didn’t want us to come to see them. Interviewer: They went to BM with all members of their family or just 1 or 2 people. Chat: (French family) They have big family with wife and their children. Interviewer: Any Vietnamese live with these families? Chat: They were cooks and waiters living in their home. Fife 2009 Appendices A50 Interviewer: Are they from Cau Hai village or another village? Chat: A lot of people who come from different villages such as: Cau Hai, Vinh Hien, Vinh Loc, etc. Interviewer: Are they in the guard-house? Chat: Yes, and they were workers too. Interviewer: What did they do for work? Chat: They were coolies, labourers, they worked on the streets, they worked for a day, or for a month. Interviewer: Did any Vietnamese have a house there? Chat: No, they weren’t living in there, they just lived precariously in small house and back home. Interviewer: Did the Bao Dai king live in BM ? Chat: Yes, they went there by car. Interviewer: Did they stay in there? Chat: They just came for a moment and then back. Interviewer: Did the car belong to Bao Dai king or government? Chat: The car belonged to Bao Dai king. They went with a couple and some servants. Interview: Was the food brought to BM from Cau hai? Chat: They hired some people who brought the food to BM, but they died. They walked very much, they would leave at 7 a.m. to the train station and wait for the Hue train to come and they brought the food to BM at 11 a.m. They walked very hard, I couldn’t walk like them! Interviewer: Were they experienced in bringing the food? Chat: Yes, they bought and carried the food everyday. Interviewer: When they were building the road, before they finished, did people go there by car? Chat: They built each stretch of road. From here to the 10 milestone, they slid down and across street, then they went up to BM by palanquin. After they built the road, cars could drive there. Fife 2009 Appendices A51 Interviewer: What year did they finish that road? Chat: I don’t remember. Interview: Were there more numbers of people before than after they built the road? Chat: A lot of people Interviewer: Did they mine the rock by explosives? Chat: At first, they carved the rock by hand, afterward, they mined the rock by explosives. Interviewer: Is there a lot of people in this village? Chat: Yes, a lot of people live there. Interviewer: Where was the district (before)? Chat: In the school, near to market, opposite the communal house in the village. Interviewer: Where were the places to grow vegetables? Chat: Yes, they grew vegetables but not much. Interviewer: Where did they sell them? Chat: They grew cauliflower both to consume and sell. Interviewer: Did they live there during the year? Chat They lived there for a short time, finished the season, then they went back home. Interviewer: Which time of the year? Chat: They started to go there and grow the vegetables and flowers in January. They brought in fertilizer, then they went back home in the rainy season. Interviewer: What did they sell after the harvest. What did they carry in there? Chat: They carried fertilizer. Interviewer: How about other people? Chat: They worked on roads, such as: building and fixing the road. They knew how many days to stay there for work, so, they brought enough food for that amount of time. Fife 2009 Appendices A52 Interview: How about other people? Chat: They went down and brought food. Interview: Any people sell the food in there? Chat: Yes, they had a market. In the evening, they bought fresh fish and cooked it and put on the earthen pot then brought it to Bang Sanh market in BM to sell. Interviewer: Were there plenty of people growing vegetables? Chat: Mr. Nha,Mrs. Tuyen grew a lot of vegetables at 16 bend in the road, they grew a lot of cauliflower at the corn of road?. Mr Buoi grew bonsai plants. Interviewer: What did they grow? Chat: Everything such as, cauliflower, and cabbage. They didn’t eat it all, so, they carried the rest down and sold it in market. Interviewer: How they carry it down? Chat: They carried it on their shoulder. Interviewer: What did Mr Nha do for work? Chat: He grew cauliflower and worked on road. He did some work around the home, then worked outside. They grew tomatoes, carrots, potatoes, and a specialty, Kim cham vegetables on the roadside Interviewer: They grew Kim cham vegetables to eat or sell. Chat: They kept to eat and sell in central Hue. Interviewer: Did they feed any animals? Chat: No. Mr. Long was the contractor’s foreman for the road. For example, he was given a stretch of road and called in the workers to do the road. I worked for him. Interviewer: Where did they get the rock to build houses? Chat: They cut and drilled the rocks. Interviewer: Where did they get the sand? Chat: They found the sand in the deep stream near to Minh’s house. At first, they had to cut the trees, then, they raked and built-up the ground at Milestone 16 to divert the stream far away. Then they divided the stream into several parts, built-up the ground and moved it around until the mud was washed away - leaving only sand behind. Fife 2009 Appendices A53 They used this sand to build houses. Because there was no road there, they couldn’t bring the sand up by car. Interviewer: Where was brick used? Chat: I carried bricks from here to there, each time carrying 20 bricks. Interviewer: How were you paid? Chat: They gave us a coupon first, then, depending on how many bricks we carried, they paid that amount money. Interviewer: 20 bricks equal how many kg of rice Chat’s Wife: I forget. I also carried bricks there. Chat: Normally, when we were working on the road, they paid 9 VND Giac (VN money at first, but later, they paid 35 VND a day. On the last day of a month, they gave us a paper roll where they put the money inside. They paid at the end of each month. We did not earn much money in here, so, we must work in BM where we were house-guards, and they paid us 40 giac. Interviewer: How much rice can you buy for 1 Giac?(VND) Chat: I forget. Interviewer: Was the guard house a good job or not? Chat: It was very hard to guard a house, You must stand all the time. Interviewer: Did you gather anything in the forest? Chat: Nothing, I just worked to earn money. Interviewer: Did you kill any animals? Chat: There were many animals in here, but we did not kill them. Up to BM, there were many monkeys on the road side. They threatened us, but not many bears or snakes. Interviewer: Were any people hurt by snake? Chat: No. Interviewer: Why? Chat: We were working on the street, there aren’t any trees on the road! Fife 2009 Appendices A54 Interviewer: Were there big birds in there? Chat: Yes, that is ken’s bird. It flew and sang in the sky. Interviewer: (To Chat’s wife): Did you carry anything in BM? Chat’s Wife: Yes, I carried bricks and cement. Interviewer: How was it to carrying? Chat’s wife: I divided a bag into halves for carrying on each side. Then I carried it step by step Chat: If some one was in good health, they carried a whole bag. Interviewer: Where was the cement? Chat: It was from Hai Phong. It was called, “Rong xanh” (meaning, green dragon). It was a big bag! and brought it to BM. They left in the morning and returned in the afternoon. Interviewer: How much did they pay? Chat: They paid by the kilogram. For example: 1 bag is 50 kg for: 35 VND, so, both of us were paid 70 VND. Chat’s Wife: As for the older women, they bought fresh fish (with fish sauce), then cooked it. After that, they put the fish on an earthen pot and brought it to Bang Sanh market in Bạch Mã to sell. They sold steamed glutinous rice and sweet soup. We sold it only for Vietnamese, not for foreigners. Interviewer: What did the foreigners eat? Chat: They ate tinned food. The bus carried the food to rich people or hired someone to carry it up to BM. Interviewer: Did they bring fruit from the garden to sell? Chat: No. Interviewer: Did they eat fruit in BM? Chat: They bought fruit from Hue and brought it to BM. Interviewer: Did the Japanese kill the French? Chat: No. Fife 2009 Appendices A55 Interviewer: Did the Japanese come up to BM? Chat: Yes, just 2 or 3 people, after the road was finished. The Japanese went up to BM by car. Interviewer: Did the French fight the Japanese again? Chat: The French were scared to even hear about the war. Interviewer: Did you see the Japanese? Chat: yes, I saw them. The Japanese were fat and short. Interviewer: Did the Japanese kill people? Chat: No. Interviewer: Did they stay in here (BM)? Chat: Yes. Interviewer: Did the French fight and kill any Vietnamese? Chat: Yes, the French stayed here and ravished the place. They killed many people. But, that was the French soldiers, not the French. Interviewer: Where did the French soldiers stay? Chat: They stayed at their military post. Interviewer: Where was the military post? Chat: From Cau Hai to the highway, front of the Luc Tri committee and close to Chau’s house. Mr. Chau lived here before the French came, he can speak the French language. Interviewer: Where did Mrs. Hoanh stay? Chat: Mr. Hoanh was a contractor’s foreman on the road , each road had 3 of the contractor’s foremen. From Bạch Mã to Milestone 13 was one contractor’s foreman, the second was from Milestone 13 to Mrs. Lu’s house, the third was from Lu’s house to here. One contractor’s foreman had to manage 9 people, each person had a card that put on 2 road side in order for the manager to easily check them. They hoed up the ground and stones. They had just finished the road, when suddenly it rained, so, it washed out the road. The ground was washed away. Interviewer: Do you know the person who founded Bạch Mã National Park? Fife 2009 Appendices A56 Chat: No. Interviewer: Were there any elephants, or tigers? Chat: No, but if we went far away into the forest then we would find them. Interviewer: Were there any persimmons? Chat: Every time I went there to BM, I must bring food. I brought one or two bowls, clothes, blankets, (because it is very cold in Bạch Mã), and a mosquito net. Interviewer: Was this street finished with spread asphalt? Chat: Yes, they did that, but it would wash out when it rained. When the Japanese staged a coup d’état, they cut down and destroyed the trees. They made rickshaws with the wood from the trees, and brought the trees to sell. Interviewer: Did you hear about the story between Ngo Dinh Can and Ngo Dinh Diem? Chat: Yes. Mr. Diem wanted to go up to BM, but Mr. Can disagreed, because both of them were struggling for the kingship. So, the soldiers of Mr. Can cut the trees down onto the street to stop the soldiers of Mr. Diem. So, Mr. Diem had to go to Highway 14 in order to get up to BM. Interviewer: Where is the block (house) of Mr. Can? Chat: Mr. Luc Lo managed this block (house). He was a contractor’s foreman on this road, and he was French. Besides, there were some other houses such as: Nam Trieu‘s house (this was the house of Bao Dai King). He just visited, and didn’t stay in BM. Every time he went there, he told the master of this village, and they would organize a big welcoming day celebration. This year, I’m 84 years old and my wife is 82 years old. My wife carried bricks, tiles, and cement to BM and was my girlfriend. At that time, I was working on road, we left early in the morning (to go to work). Interviewer: Do you remember any names of the French? Chat: No, I don’t know, because they weren’t very friendly. Interviewer: What did they eat? Chat: They ate in dining room, and we ate in kitchen. The cook prepared the food and brought it to the dining room. After they finished, we moved back to kitchen. Interviewer: Did the household servants cook the food and did they bring the chicken and duck? Fife 2009 Appendices A57 Chat: They only ate the leg of the chicken. They were very rich, and we were very poor. We only ate cassava, potato, vegetable, no meat and not much rice. Interviewer: Did they grow corn? Chat: Yes. But we had a hard life. Interviewer: What kind of roof for the house? Chat: We used the thatch. Interviewer: Where did the thatch come from? Chat: We cut the trees in forest and grew the thatch trees. Interviewer: What kind of material was used for the walls? Chat: They used dry buffalo dung to make the walls. Interviewer: How about tigers? Did any come here? Chat: Yes, they would go down to Me hamlet and catch a pig. Interviewer: Did any elephant come here? Chat: Yes, they went down to Quyt’s house. At that time, living was very difficult. There was no rice to eat, we just go to work on road to earn money. Interviewer: Where did the brick come from? Chat: It came from Hai Phong. This brick was very good. Is there still brick in BM now? Interviewer: Yes. Interviewer: (To Chat’s wife): Do you get much interest from your business? Chat’s wife: Other old women sold it. I just carried on my shoulders. Then they gave me a coupon and I went there to receive money. Interviewer: Where did they get the iron to build the house? Chat: I bound and carried the iron to BM. Interviewer: Where did the workers who built the building come from? Chat: They lived in here. The French equipment was very strong. Fife 2009 Appendices A58 Interviewer: Did any people come here to cut the trees? Chat: Nobody. But, when the Japanese staged a coup d’état, they did a lot of bad things, and people came to take a lot of furniture for themselves. And they collected some valuable things such as: there were 2 swimming –baths which are at Tu Hieu pagoda now. They brought those from here. Interviewer: Did they catch any animals and use their skin to make a decoration in their house? Chat: Yes. Interviewer: Was there thunder and lightening in BM? Chat: So much thunder and lightening in BM! Interviewer: Was anyone killed by the lightening? Chat: No. Luc Lo‘s house was very high. But it is safe now. Is the house still there? Interviewer: No, just the foundation of a house is still there. Chat: If we stood on the roof of his house, we could see all places in here. They just used lamps in BM, no electrical power. Interviewer: I heard there was one dam to make electricity close to Do Quyen stream. Is that true? Chat: No, the telephone line hung on the trees in the forest. Mr. Hoanh can speak French. Interviewer: When did you come to BM? Chat: When I was 20 years old, I was not married yet. Interviewer: How about Chat’s wife? Chat’s wife: When I was 18 or 19 years old, I carried bricks and cement to BM. Chat: My name is: Hoang Nhi Chat Chat’s wife: Nguyen Thi Thao Fife 2009 Appendices A59 Appendix B-7 Interview with Ông Hông and Ông Chấu of Cầu Hai Village, October 2006, by Lê Quý Minh Transcribed and translated by Nguyễn Thị Điệu Vân, June 2008. Mr. Hong: There was one minority village in Bạch Mã, it’s name was Cao Sach village. I don’t know how to build this village which was through to Bạch Mã. It was located beside Bạch Mã. After that, Mr. Than lived in this village who told to the French about this village. This village belonged to the Tong Luong Dien Ha commune. If we went far away into the forest, there was another village. The French called it Ieron minority village, where it was very beautiful and a cool place. After, they chose this place to go on vacation. They founded the French Resident-Superior’s offices. After that, they brought the army to keep BM. The French lived there for a time. At that time, there was no road, so, they went up there by palanquin. Because the French had power, they ruled the Vietnamese because even after the road was built and the bus could now go up to BM, they still always asked four Vietnamese to carry them up by palanquin. Because they were rich. So, they paid just a few giac (money) and we were very happy to earn money this way. If we were working hard, we would only earn 1 giac, (1giac =10 penny). But, here they paid us 2 giac for one trip. Interviewer: How many kilograms of rice did one giac to buy? Hong: 1 giac, which is about 5.000vnd, was a lot of money. So, they were very happy when the French Resident-Superior called them to carry the palanquin or to work. There was Mr Ngan who always called the Vietnamese to work. Even after the road to BM was built, they still asked them to work like that. After the Japanese left, the American army made their offices here. It was leaves off the BM for a time because of the war. There was Mr. Nha, he was a house-guard in BM, and another man, his name So Cang. He was a French resident superior’s house- guard. But he’s dead now. Fife 2009 Appendices A60 Interviewer: Was there a minority village located in BM? Hong: Yes, there was a minority who lived in Cao Sach village. In here, half the people were minority. They called Cao Van Thuong minority village. Every year, they offered sacrifices to gods then they went down here to enjoy it. They lived in Bạch Mã by collecting the bee’s honey and wax. Interviewer: Was the minority village located close to the holiday resort? Hong: I’m not sure. It is still there now, at least I hope it is still there. It was located towards the back of Bạch Mã. It would take a half day to get there. Interviewer: Were there a lot of people living there? Hong: I don’t know for sure, but maybe there was a group of about 5, or 7 people. Sometimes Mr. So Bach and Mr. So Rai who lived in that village went down here to cut lumber. Last time, when I was a prisoner in Binh Dien district, I went once to Thu Duc village to bring food which was across the Ho Chi Minh Trail. I saw a big road where rearwards to Bạch Mã was a large road as same as a commune. But I didn’t know so, I asked some people who went with me, what is this road. They answered that this road went all the way through to Bạch Mã. If we went to Thu Duc, we must cross this road. Interviewer: Did you often go there? Hong: Sometimes. It was very dangerous, when we up to 3,4,6 turning .so, I just up there a time Interviewer: Did Mr. Chau go up there? Chau: Yes, I went up there 3 times. I took students there on holiday and to visit. Interviewer: Which months? Fife 2009 Appendices A61 Chau: After the summer season. Interviewer: Was it cold or hot there? Chau: It was very cool. Hong: Mr. Do Lau was a good guide in Bạch Mã, he lives in Nha Trang now. Interviewer: Did he have a house in BM? Hong: No, he took tourists there. Interview: Did he live in there? I saw a Do Phong’s house in Bạch Mã. Hong: I don’t know. Interviewer: Where did they bring the brick and tile from? Hong: They carried bricks, tile, rice, and cement by shoulder or by hand because there was no road in there. When we went up to 3 , 6 turning is easy .But to 8 turning is very dangerous. Interviewer: Did they shoot animals? Hong: Yes, they did shoot animals because Bạch Mã was rich in resources. There were a lot of animals such as deer and elephants. Interviewer: Did they catch them? Hong: Yes, Mr. Than took people up there to shoot elephants. Interviewer: Did the Bao Dai king go up there to hunt animals? Fife 2009 Appendices A62 Hong: Yes, he did. At that time, if someone had power they could go up there to hunt animals and they cut down the trees. But now, the government forbids it. Interviewer: When Mr. Than did those things, did the government forbid him? Hong: Back Ma is a resource. So, they have an organization that works at school. But they went up there to hunt just for a few times not many times. Interviewer: What time you take the students to go up to the BM? Chau : I left here at 6 a.m. and back home at 10 a.m. Interviewer: Did tourists and travelers have a house to stay in there? Hong: No, they didn’t have a house. They went up there to visit and see the house that the westerners built. They only had the guard-house stay in there. Chau: There were a lot of boy and girl scouts in BM. Hong: There was the house of catholics ( church ) and the temple. Interviewer: Were there workers in here or did others come? Hong: Here were workers and others came from Hue. But most of the main workers came from Hue. In here there were just normal workers. Interviewer: Did the French go up to BM to fight in 1945? Hong: I don’t know. But I think if the Japanese stopped in there, then the French would not go up there. So, the French must surrender. But it seemed not much fighting. When the Japanese come, then the French went away. Interviewer: Did the Vietnamese? Fife 2009 Appendices A63 Hong: Yes, it happened in Hoa Binh hill from 3 milestone go far away. The VN volution was in high places and the French in low places . Interviewer: Where was the French military post? Hong: Near my house. Chau: They forbade people to go through to the highway. If some one wanted to go, they must have a passport. Interviewer: Who gave them a passport? Hong: The French government. Interviewer: Did your house belong to Hoang Nhu Ky ‘s house ? What did he do? Hong: Yes , Hoang Nhu Ky was a forester for the French. Interviewer: Did the French soldiers constrain the Vietnamese? Hong: No, things were normal. Luc Tri village was peaceful during the war. Interviewer: Did the Japanese stay here in 1943? Hong: No, they just passed through. Interviewer: Did ships from China come in here? Hong: Yes, and they were very hungry. So, I’ll tell you this story: Near to Cau Hai bridge was a restaurant that sold rice and food. So, one day, a Chinaman came and ate so much food, that he died! The boss of this restaurant was named Cau. Interviewer: Did they catch him? Fife 2009 Appendices A64 Hong: No, they knew the reason that made this Chinese die. So, they took his body away. Interviewer: Did they bring vegetables and fruit down to sell in here? Hong: No, the vegetables and fruit came from Cu Ba. Just flowers and cauliflower were grown in Bạch Mã. Interviewer: Did they sell it? Hong: Yes, they sold it. There was a lot of cauliflower in BM, the guard-house grew it. The French didn’t know about it. The French just built houses for holiday resort. Interviewer: Did they eat using a bowl, or dish or by other means? Hong: Yes, they ate using a bowl and dish. Interviewer: What did the French use for eating? Hong: The French used a spoon and fork, and the Vietnamese used a bowl, with chopsticks. Interviewer: I saw some big bowls in BM, I don’t know who used those. Hong: I don’t know, but the French had some nice bowls and dishes in their house. After the French went away, the Vietnamese went up there and took them back to their homes. Hong: When the French came to work in BM, the Luc Tri people in here had a good living because they had a job. They carried bricks, tile, cement, and worked on the road. Some people sold rice, so, the Luc Tri people had a good living. Interviewer: They had good business? Fife 2009 Appendices A65 Hong: Well, we could bring them by palanquin. We earned a lot of money from this work. Interviewer: How did they make the palanquin? Hong: It was made from bamboo trees, or wooden trees, it was just a normal palanquin. Interviewer: Did they pay cash or pay by coupon? Hong: They paid by cash. Interviewer: How did the Westerners get here? Hong: The Westerners asked the foreman of palanquin detail that carried them. Then this man went back down into his village and hired some people there, to go up to BM and carry this Westerner up there. And, the car waited for him up there. Interviewer: Where did they pick up the Westerner in here? Hong: At the three-way crossroads. After that, they built the road, so, we carried them to Milestone 3, where the forester is staying now. Chau: At that time, there was the carriage which took the Westerner to Milestone 3, then from there, 4 people carried them to BM by palanquin. Interviewer: Did a lot of the foreman come from other places? Hong: Yes, there were a lot of foreman such as, Mr. Hoanh, Bat Nha , So Cang , So Ngang, Hoanh, Hao, but now , they’ve all died. Hong: I will tell about Mr. Lau, who was a guide in Bạch Mã. He was a good guide, but he didn’t know how to write, he didn’t know how to tell time, and didn’t know arithmetic, but, he could tell all about history! Fife 2009 Appendices A66 Interviewer: Did he speak French? Hong: No he was a Vietnamese guide, and always had a translator who worked with him. His name was Mr. Lau, but later, he changed his name to Mr. Lung. His older brother was Mr. Lach. Interviewer: How did they pay money to him? Hong: They paid cash. Interviewer: How much Hong: About 3 VND. Interviewer: Was that money more than it was to carry a palanquin? Hong: He was my friend, so, one time I tried to teach him to read and write, but he didn’t learn it. He is very strange!! Mr. Hai and Mr. Dinh tried to teach him, but he still couldn’t learn. Mr. Lau knew many very good things about Vietnam ’s history, such as, he talked about Minh Mang, the king, and Gia Long, the king. Interviewer: Were there any people who were guides in BM - without Mr. Lau? Hong: No, only Mr. Lau. Now, he is old and lives in Dac Lac. Hong: I asked some people who worked in the forest, why did they not work in the BM forest. They only worked in the Quang Nam and Truoi forests. Interviewer: Why? Hong: Because the Bạch Mã forest was on a very steep slope, it was not flat. Interviewer: Did you hear of any famous person living in here? Fife 2009 Appendices A67 Hong: I don’t remember. Interviewer: Where was the urban district? Hong: It is located at the school now, but it was opposite on the near side Cao Xa commune house in the village. Interviewer: Where was the commune house in the village? Hong: They rebuilt it to become a market. Interviewer: Why they did not keep the commune house in the village, because, most of villages must have commune house. Hong: After the war, they moved the urban district of Quang Nam to Truong An hill. Interviewer: Did Mr. Le Phuc do it? Hong: Yes, the Americans found this urban district. Must cross a hill to go in there. Interviewer: Did any people know about BM? Hong: They died. Interviewer: Because I need to collect all information about BM. Hong: Mr. Hoanh, Mr. Nha, Mr. Ngan, Mr. Cang have all died. Mr. Than, Mr. Nghia they are too old now. Lam the foreman died. If someone was good at their work and stayed for a long time in Bạch Mã , then the westerner put for the name, “foreman”. It means they must protect or care for something. Interviewer: The reason why the people called Cau Hai? Hong: At that time, there were two villages, that is, Luong Thuong village and Luong Ha village. After they found these villages, my father was a village mayor, so, Fife 2009 Appendices A68 I often followed him. Before, this station was a temporary station, but after that the westerner rebuilt it and put in two bridges. On the far side there was a bridge, and on the near side there was a bridge, etc. So, they called it Cau Hai (it means there are 2 bridges near together). After the Luong Dien commune founded a market there, they also called that Cau Hai market. After that, they collected money by taxes. They gave the Cao Xa village about 30 % of the money from the tax to rebuild the market. So, they took advantage of this situation and called it Cao Doi market and one more time they changed the name and called it Cau Doi market. And later they also got money from taxes and wanted to rebuild the market again. So, I told them the original name of this market was Cau Hai market. So, nowadays, some people call it Cau Doi market, or Cao Doi market etc., but the original name is Cau Hai market and Cau Hai station. Interviewer: Did the people go up to BM to bring a lot of things when the Japanese left? Hong: Yes, many things such as dishes, bowls, flowerpots. Interviewer: Do they still keep the dishes and bowls now? Hong: Yes, they still keep them. Mr. Cang was a house-guard in Bạch Mã. After the Japanese left, he brought many things to his house. So, he was very rich. Now he’s dead and just his wife is still alive. Interviewer: And did they bring the chairs and tables? Hong: No, they just brought easy things such as, they took out the margin of the door. Interviewer: Did they still keep some souvenirs? Hong: They sold them. Interviewer: Were there two sentences that the people wrote on a scroll in BM? Fife 2009 Appendices A69 Chau: Yes. Interviewer: Did they still keep it? Chau: Yes. Hong: There were two scrolls which the French resident superior bought. It was made from nacre, and was very nice. The writing said: - Huu Hoc, Huu Tai, Ai Cung Dung (literate, talented then everybody used them). - Nong Tho , Au A Cung Nong Tho, (it means, when they were a farm, they can learn). It was very nice, but they sold it now. Interviewer: Was it in Chinese language? Hong: Yes. Interviewer: Who (kept) hang on this sentence? Hong: The westerner bought it when they learned about this meaning. Interviewer: Did the westerner want to understand about Vietnamese culture? Hong: Yes. At that time, the people went to BM to bring many beautiful things which the westerners displayed in their shop window. Fife 2009 Appendices A70 Appendix B-8 Translation of interview with Đồ Phong Cúc in September 2006 by Lê Quý Minh at Bà Cúc’s home at Lý Thường Kiệt St, Huế. Translation by Lê Quý Minh File1: L: Looked like someone's house, like ethnic people's house. L: The house had many stilts below, and the above was made of wood… The place where we lived was called national park, not down here. We had to climb up a flight of stairs like this. I have been back there and found it out, but I couldn’t step up because it was ruined a lot. In the past, many houses were located there, but now when I came up again, it looked very strange and I could not find my old house. Q: Formerly, how long was it from your house to the spring? L: Very near, just finished the flight of steps, you could reach the spring. We used the water from that spring for everything like washing, drinking, bathing…however, up there, there was also water, they brought up. So we went up there in summer, one summer, in 1940. Q: You seem to remember very well. L: Because my nephew, my brother's son, was born in 1939 and we went up to stay one summer. I remember it was very cold in summer then, but I don’t understand why it is not cold now. When I went up there in the past, I had to wear sweater but now I feel normal. It is very strange. Q: Were there many French up there? L: almost all were French, house owners were French, Tung seaport was also a place for the French. I also had a house at Tung seaport. Tung seaport is in Quang Tri, further to the north from Hien Luong Bridge. These places were resorts for the French. Up there, everything belonged to the French, there were very few Vietnamese. Q: Only rich Vietnamese? L: Not so, only Vietnamese who knew how to enjoy life. There were so many wealthy people, but they didn’t know how to enjoy or lead a modern life. Q: What vehicle did they use to go up? L: By car, at that time the road was in very good condition. We were only afraid of tigers. Fife 2009 Appendices A71 Q: I was told that… L: You were recently born…… L: Here, …. The plan….. Q: Did they need such a plan before building a house? L: Yes, this is the dining room, this is the living room, the toilet. House on stilts is something like this, the top part is made of wood with a tiled roof. Q: Later I would like to take picture of it. L: I stayed up there for only one year. Q: Bạch Mã is now keeping a big map, I have ever been here, the lower part is concrete and there are some scattering timbers. L: The timbers are still there? Q: Because that place was near Martin plot. Near Mr… forgot the name. L: I only remember that the place was near the church. L: It was very easy to go up to Belvedere from mine, Belvedere was the mountain top. L: There were 2 storeys. Q: How was the road at that time? L: It was opened up to Belvedere. Q: Asphalted road or trail? L: Asphalted. Q: Was there a helicopter base? L: Yes, there was. Most of the food was carried up by helicopter. L2: Morin and Chaffanjon were 2 places supplying food. Q: Was there Bony hotel? L: I don’t remember, Morin and Chaffanjon were like 2 stores to supply food for the area. Q: Was there anyone who lived the whole year up there? L: I don’t know, don’t remember. Q: Was there a guard for the house? L: Yes, the road at that time was quite easy to go, we were only afraid of tiger, later it was difficult to go up. Q: I heard that they hunt elephant. L: I don’t know, because I was only 14 years old then. I heard that anyone who used to own a land plot up there have to rebuild house if they want ask for it. But rebuild Fife 2009 Appendices A72 the house for what, who will live , what to do there. Now it belongs the national park. I couldn’t go up the flight of steps, I found it but it is so rampant. Q: If you go, there should be someone to guide you. L: Have to know the way, I felt so strange, Belvedere should have been above my house. Q: Maybe you made a mistake, the place you saw was a site near the post office, not Belvedere, and from that site, you could see Chan May beach. L: No. from Belvedere, you could see Da Nang, not Chan May. You could look straight to Da Nang. Q: How did they dispose of the garbage? L: I don’t know. Q: Did they carry the food up from Cau Hai? L: I don’t know from where, but the French wouldn’t take food from Cau Hai. They got it from Morin and Chaff. There wasn’t any thing from Cau Hai they could eat. L2: Morin and Chaff used to be 2 stores. Q: Was there wild animal's meat? L: I don’t know, I was still a child then. There was may be. Q: Because we work in Bạch Mã National Park, so we are quite interested in garbage and wild animal. L: There was maybe, but French never ate wild animals. L2: They never ate wild animal meat then, but now they eat everything. L: That's the reason why they well protected the animal in the past, no one ate, no butcher-shop sold wild animal meat. Q: How did you go up? L: Car. Q: When was your house built? L: Here, 1937 was the year of technical drawing, the house wasn’t finished until 1938. L2: In the past we had everything. L: Where do you work? Q: At the Visitor Centre. I saw some tiles. L: That s impossible. Q: Yhey were covered by the ground, and made in Hoi An, Hai Phong. L: In the past, most of the tiles were made in other places and then brought here. Here they didn’t make tiles. Fife 2009 Appendices A73 Q: You were there one time in 1940, how about the time after that? L: I have never been there again. we had no chance, it was very difficult to go up because there was fighting in 1945. It was very cold in summer, I had to wear 2 sweaters to keep myself warm. I went up again a few years ago to find my house, I saw only one road. Q: At the Visitor Centre, we have a map to introduce to the visitor. Not long ago, Mrs Nguyen Khoa Dieu Van has come, she wrote in the visitors' book that she used to have a house up there and she was 89 years old. It’s a great pity that I didn’t meet her, now I’m trying to look for her. L: Nguyen Khoa in Vi Da. Q: But she is now living in Sai Gon. L: What' s her name again, Nguyen Khoa Dieu Lien? Q: Dieu Van. Nguyen Khoa Diem' s aunt, wife of power station manager. L: So many people with the family name Nguyen Khoa. Q: I wan to know all the Fench, Vietnamese who used to live up there, who came back to BM to get the information from them. L: Can vehicles go straight up? Q: Yes, they can. But to go to your old house, we have to walk over steps and it is very steep. L: There was a road and also steps in the old days. Q: Have Bao Dai been there? L: Yes, but I don’t know if he stayed there. Q: There was governmental guesthouse, maybe he stayed there. L: So many French stayed there. Before, French brought food to Morin, every week they carried food up by Dessov car. We just ordered them and they brought to our house for us. That is Mr Morin. Q: So Morin together with Chaff supplied food? Do you know that there was a swimming pool? Q: That time, the car took us straight to our house, we didn’t walk around much so we didn’t know. Q: They often went up in summer, how about winter? L: I didn’t go up in winter. Not many people in winter, only the church up there, the French never went there in winter. Q: Catholic church? Fife 2009 Appendices A74 L: Yes. I heard that the church still remains. Q: Do you remember the way to the church? L: I forgot. I only remember that my house was near the church. I used to walk there, but now I’ve forgotten. Q: There was a place called Kindergarten in the map. L: When we were there that time, my nephew Thong was still in the cradle, and we hired Mrs Lien to look after him. Q: How is the temperature at that time different from now? L: The temperature in summer at that time is as cold as that in winter now. Q: Besides the French, only officials or rich people could go up, couldn’t they? L: Yes. But very few people built house there, only people who had lots of money. There was no hotel. Q: So was Morin a hotel or just a normal house? Since I saw a big house and a basement. L: It was just a house to supply food. Q: It s not a hotel? L: No. there was no hotel. I don’t know if there was any hotel after that, but at that time, no hotel, it s just a place to serve and sell food. Q: Was there a market near there? L: Yes , there was. Q: Was it near Morin? L: I don’t remember. It was a long time ago. And also because we didn’t buy food there, we bought food from Morin and they delivered to our house. Q: Do you remember any famous people? L: Most of them were French officials, now I don’t remember. There was a man named Huong or Thuong Cong near my house. Q: How about Mr Le, Ca Le? L: Hong Nhu Ho…. Q; Some houses in the map have no name because the documents are missing. L: You can look for it in land survey documents… Q: Can I re-photograph your picture. L: This is me 84, this woman 87, my oldest brother 91… Q: Formerly, what did your family do? L: Land contractor. Fife 2009 Appendices A75 Q: When going up by palanquin, do you see… L: We went up by motor, not palanquin. Q: What kind? L: Ford. Q: Did you stay up there all summer? L: We stayed in 2 places. First up there and then we went to Tung seaport. Q: The house in Tung seaport must have been spoiled by the sea? L: Yes. It has been spoiled. It was located in the mountain, you had to go to the sea down a slope, could not use the car. I have been back there, the house has been destroyed, only the well remains. Q: Maybe it was destroyed by the war, how about the water in Bạch Mã? L: I don’t remember exactly, maybe water from streams. There was no one carrying water, we just simply took water from faucets. Q: Usually they used the rain water. Let's take a look at the technical drawing to see if there is any water tank. L: There were many plots. Only rich people could own it. L: This was photographed, sealed and given to Mr Do Phong on December 16th 1937. He could only start constructing after getting this. Fife 2009 Appendices A76 Appendix B-9 Interview with Mr Le Huu Con, Hue City 16/08/06 with Nguyễn Thị Điệu Vân and Ray Fife. Bạch Mã road re-construction 1957 Transcribed and translated by Nguyễn Thị Điệu Vân Van: Who was working with you at Bạch Mã? Ong: That road was rebuilt in Diem"s regime by the Lieutenant General, and the division regiments. There were 3 regiments: Quang Tri, Road Number 17, and Dong Ha. Each regiment had 3 battalions. All of the people were concentrated from Cau Hai extending to Bạch Mã. They just walked up to Bạch Mã. They delivered shovels, knives, guns and cut the trees to open the road. The road which the French built was broken and the trees had grown all over the road, blocking the way. But still, there were some places that were ok. Both sides of the road were eroded, buses couldn’t go. Some places only had a walking path. So, we came there to open the road for buses. We had to cut the trees and drive in stakes for both sides of the road. The sappers, (engineers), pried up slabs of stone. Big stones were arranged as we built-up the places that were eroded by water. After that, they poured in earth to fill the gaps. Soldiers reconstructed this road, (Bạch Mã road) in 1957. There was a villa which was made of stone. It is very beautiful. On every corner there was a multistoried house. On another hill, there was also another multistoried house too. That was the French pleasure–house. Only top officials stayed there. I only went there when I worked. We made camp from the bottom to the top. Each regiment was a camp. They divided each stretch of the road for us to do: the first regiment, second, and third regiment. When each regiment finished, they could rest. Fife 2009 Appendices A77 For example: they gave our team 10 days to build this stretch of road. But everybody worked fast and finished this section in 5 days. So, we had the right to take off for the remaining 5 days. We always competed with another team. There were a thousand people in each division. They made camp on the side of road. They went down into the canyon to cut trees, carrying the trees on their shoulder, It was a painstaking job. They worked for a few months. Van: How did they carry the trees? Ong: By their strength, we carried the long trees (three, maybe four arm’s length) on our shoulders. We poured the soil, the stones, and opened the road. Cars couldn’t go, just walking. the soldier’s wife sold soup, noodles, chicken, and duck on the side of road. Everyone wanted to finish soon, for the holidays. I got married on 20/7/1957. I had 5 days for holiday, because my team finished this work quickly like that ...we rebuilt this road up the Bạch Mã. Van: How about in 1930, 1940? Ong: I was born in 1935. I lived in countryside, I was a child. Van: Where were you born? Ong: I was born at Dong Ha, Nga Tu River, Cam Lo district, Quang Tri province. After the war, I moved to Hue city. Van: Did you come here in 1939? Ong: I came to Hue in 1968, 1969. Van: In 1939, were you staying at Quang Tri , you were 4 years old. Ong: I work at Bạch Mã in 1957. Van: How long did you work there? Ong: About 2 months. After the bus could go on that road, I left. The soldiers continued to operate. No war at that time. They just operated from one village to another village until a festival. They would drill and parade with all divisions. It is nice!! Van: Did you have good working conditions? Ong: We carried our food and rice with us. Each person must carry a gun, knapsack on his shoulder, and walk up to Bạch Mã. Soldiers looked like a monkey, swinging from one tree to another tree. The road was broken along the way, it was very hard. We didn’t sleep in a house, we must sleep in barracks. In the house, they had mattresses covered with sheets - but staying Fife 2009 Appendices A78 in the house was only for the officers. They were afraid, the soldiers would make it dirty. Diem was very repugnant. His shoes were always clean and shiny, and his officer’s cap too. Van: Did you get a salary from them? Ong: Yes. 500 d for a month (Diem‘s money). Gold was 400.VND at that time. But that salary was for a single man, not married. If you had your own family, they would pay more salary. I had salary for every month. They paid on time. They increased the salary for senior soldiers too. They also supplied a new shovel, hoe, folding bed, and mat. Each person received one tool. Van: Did you stay there? Ong: All soldiers stayed there until finished. Each division had a leader who would supervise. If the leader said it was complete, we have the right to get a holiday. Or, we continued to garrison troops. Normally, we had a regiment leader, and division commander. The soldiers often reported to a higher level on their work: our company commander was a Second Lieutenant, who reported to a First Lieutenant, who reported to a Captain, who in turn reported to a Lieutenant General. There were a lot of soldiers in Diem‘s regime. Van: How many people in a division? Ong: There were 700 people in a battalion, each regiment has 3 battalions and other groups of soldiers for the mission. Van: Any people living there, growing trees or farming? Ong: Nobody lived there, because traveling on the road was very difficult. Van: After they rebuilt the road, how was it? Ong: After we finished, some soldiers stayed there to keep the house, to weed, to keep the place clean, and the government paid them a salary. Ong: This road was not built very well. For example, when we finished building this stretch of road, suddenly there were heavy rains. The road was washed out by the water. Then we must go back and build it again . The waterfall at Bạch Mã was so strong, it even made cement and concrete break down. So, the stones on both sides of road were washed away, so, they had to rebuild the road again. Van: Any people lived there? Ong: Nobody lived there, it was just forest, tigers, and panthers. When we used to go down to the stream, we would scare the tiger! Fife 2009 Appendices A79 Van: Any French engineers work there? Ong: the French built this road before I was born in 1930-1940. The French came to dominate. They built this road to Bạch Mã in order to let the government authorities come there for a holiday. Van: Did you have any difficulties when you worked there? Ong: It was very hard to work there. Van: Were there any animals there? Ong: There were a lot of wild animals, but mostly monkeys, and gibbons. The gibbon has a black color and looked like a sheepdog. Sometimes it carried their children as it swung from tree to tree. Also there were bears, pigs ...even though the soldiers had guns we couldn’t shoot the animals. Nowadays, there are not a lot of animals any more because of the war. At that time, when there was a bad smell at some places, it meant there were tigers there! The tiger’s sound is bep bep. All the short bridges for buses were made of wood from the surrounding trees. Van: Were the bridges made of cement? Ong: No, just temporary bridges, built of wood, not cement. Only strong enough for a car or small bus. Van: Do you remember any houses there? Ong: When I came there, the house was built already. It was built of stone not cement. The house was a two-story house. With a tile-roof. It was a model house. Van: That house, was it still nice in 1957? Ong: The house was ok, but the road was broken. The French house was built very strong, only partly broken by rain, floods and storms. Van: Do you know any French colonists? Ong: I know some, because I joined the French army in1954. There was peace just a few months later. At that time, Vietnam country was divided in two, by a parallel of latitude, Vietnam was divided into North Vietnam and South Vietnam at the 17th parallel. .I’m a Vietnamese soldier, but the French were the military advisors. Each battalion had three, or four French officers. All the Vietnamese were soldiers and also there was a French battalion. The Fife 2009 Appendices A80 French paid our salary and supplied the food, guns etc...but we always fought together at that time. Van: Where did you join army ? Ong: At Dong Ha. At that time, the French soldiers were really bad. If they out without an officer, they’d catch a Vietnamese girl and sexually assault her. If the Vietnamese went with the French, then they weren’t likely to do that. So, every time the French soldiers went to countryside, they would steal ducks, chickens, set fire to a house. All the older men and women were concentrated in one place. The young people, (boys and girls) were in hiding. If not, they were caught and sent to prison, or forced to join the army etc . All the people were scared of them (the French), so, the Viet Minh rose up (against the French). A lot of people supported the Viet Minh. The French regime lost political control because of making many things bad. The people hated the French. Van: Do you hear any stories about Bạch Mã? Ong: No, I didn’t hear. I worked on such things as cutting trees, carrying wood on my shoulder, filling in the road during the day, and back at camp in the evening. The wives of the soldiers sold a lot of food. Van: Did a lot of people drink coffee? Ong: The French drank coffee. There was a lot of coffee, some came in a tin, and some in bags ...the French food was so delicious. The French gave the soldiers such things as: shoes, clothes...etc. I have lived under 3 regimes: France, USA and Vietnam. Van: Do you want come back to Bạch Mã? Ong: I’ve not been back to Bạch Mã for 50 years now, I don’t know. How is it? I hope one day I will come back there, to see how beautiful this place is. I think, it will be a nice place today . Van: Now, they have built a new road, but that house is in ruins. Ong: Wow, that house was so nice back then. Van: Do you think, they will rebuild it? Ong: I don’t know. if I were back there now, I will know, which one is old and which one is new. Van: Do you know how many houses are there? Ong: I’m not sure. Fife 2009 Appendices A81 Van: Did you sleep there? Ong: Wow, I worked at a place then slept there. Normally, I slept on the road. We made a sitting floor with wood and slept on it, and the officers would sleep in a nice house. The headquarters was located in the city. They would often telephone to the battalion, then the battalion would telephone to the platoon, then to the squad.....a lot of rank. A lot of leeches too. For example, when we were out marching as a group, the last person in the group was usually bitten. You see, the leeches were usually sleeping, so couldn’t bite the first person walking by, but after it woke up, it would just bite the last person! They liked to bite inside our shoes, and groin. They would leave a bad mark, like the spotted scabies after it bit. We couldn’t stop to take them out of our shoes, even if the leeches were biting, because if we stopped, the other soldiers would leave us behind and, we’d lose our way. So, we must endure it until back in camp... then we would take off our shoes. A lot of blood inside our shoes, we were more scared of the leeches than any other wild animal. Vietnamese soldiers were very tough. Every difficult place, they took some Vietnamese soldiers there to work . Van: If the French treated you so badly, why did you join the French army? Ong: No, I was staying at home, the French came and took me away, they gave me a gun. If I refused, I would get in big trouble with them. I joined the French army when I was 18 years old. But I joined the French army for 2 months. I only built the road, not to fight the enemy. And 2 months later, the country was at peace. Van: Do you know any people who work at Bạch Mã at that time? Ong: There were a lot of people, but now, they are all dead, or live far away. I haven’t met any friends for the last 50 years. I took a photograph at Bạch Mã in 1957, when I was 18 or 19 years old. Fife 2009 Appendices A82 Appendix B-10 Written response from Mr Nguyễn Thúc Tuân, Huế, June 2007 Fife 2009 Appendices A83 Fife 2009 Appendices A84 Fife 2009 Appendices A85 Fife 2009 Appendices A86 Fife 2009 Appendices A87 Fife 2009 Appendices A88 Fife 2009 Appendices A89 Appendix C Architectural site plans and photos, by analytical zone Map C- 1 Relative positions of the analytical zones in OBM C-1 Northwest Residential Zone 1 (NWR) C-2 Northern Residential Zone 2 (NR) C-3 Northeast Residential Zone 3 (NER) C-4 Central Residential Zone 4 (CR) C-5 Eastern Residential Zone 5 (ER) C-6 Western Residential Zone 6 (WR) C-7 Southern Residential Zone 7 (SR) C-8 Scout Leaders Training Camp, Zone 8 C-9 Site recording form C-10 spreadsheet incorporating site details Col Girade Zone 9 (CG) (includes Vietnamese village and market, and youth camp) and Southwest Farming Zone 10 (SWF) were surveyed but not recorded in detail because of access problems related to storm damage from Typhoon Xangshane, 2006 and time constraints. Fife 2009 Appendices A90 C-1 Northwest Residential Zone 1 Table C-1 Recorded sites in NWR Reference Name Lot Number NWR HS1 Bang Tả No lot number (NLN) NWR HS2 garage NLN NWR HS3 De Laforge 27 NWR HS4 No Name Shown (NNS) 72 NWR HS5 Eug le Bris 73 NWR HS6 Government Vietnamien NLN NWR HS8 Imbert 28 Fife 2009 Appendices A91 NWR HS1, Bang Tả, No lot number This is a long, single roomed structure, substantially intact, on a south facing slope below the north-western ridge. Walls are cement-rendered concrete with 3 windows on the south-eastern wall. Pitched roof with shingle (Type 2) tiles. The structure is constructed on a levelled platform excavated from the hill, with the cutting face along the northern wall, leaving about 1 metre for a path. Along the inside south-western wall is a line imprinted in the wall, 1250mm above ground, suggesting a shelf against the wall. The structure suggests a work or store area or even dormitory accommodation because the only access door is less than 1 metre wide. Near the eastern end of the structure, about 15-20 metres from the door of Bang Tả, is a scatter of roof tiles covering an area of about 7 x 7 metres. Roof tiles include Type 4, 5 and 13. About 3 metres south-west of the tile scatter is a depression that appears to be a pit filled in. Between the tile scatter and Bang Tả, a stairway cut into the cutting face leads to a road above. Plan C- 48 NWR HS1 Bang Tả Fife 2009 Appendices A92 Figure C- 49 NWR HS1 Bang Tả showing north-western wall and single access door on right Figure C- 50 NWR HS1 Interior of Bang Tả from door, with Nguyễn Tất Vinh Figure C- 51 Roof tile scatter to the south-east of Bang Tả door. Fife 2009 Appendices A93 NWR HS2 This structure is a garage with a stairway beside it leading up to the De Laforge villa (NWRHS3). The garage was excavated into the hill, lined with stone, and appeared to have had a concrete roof. Figure C- 52 NWR HS2 Detail of rear wall and remains of roof of the garage below the De Laforge Residence, Lot 27. Fife 2009 Appendices A94 NWR HS3, Dé Laforge (lot 27). This ruin is situated on the north-western ridge at an altitude of 1400masl, with views to the north-west and south. It is constructed on a levelled terrace about 30x15 metres cut into the ridge. The ruin consists of foundations and lower wall of granite stones to less than 1 metre high, with internal floor piers of stone, and outside pillar bases for a verandah of stone. Some walls and pillar bases retain remnant timber wall posts. Two vents are located in the stone wall base on the northern side. A stone staircase near the south-western corner of the structure leads from a garage on the road, about 5 metres below the levelled house site on the ridge. A service building of cement rendered brick is located on the south side of the house, above the road. This contains a brick stove with two fireplaces. A remnant of brick wall is located on the southeast corner of the terrace. The structure is surrounded by trenching on the northern, western and partly on the southern sides, while there is a vertical drop to the road on the southern side. The eastern side of the building terrace consists of the face of the excavation of the ridge, to create the level building site, about 4 metres high with two alcoves, about 1 metre high by only about 500mm deep, cut into the face. Rusted razor wire is spread down the steep slope on the NW boundary. These features suggest a well defendable point on the ridge west of the summit and relate to the period of the Second Indochina War. Plan C- 49 NWR HS3, Dé Laforge (lot 27). Fife 2009 Appendices A95 Figure C- 53 NWR HS3 Looking south towards service/ kitchen building. Nguyễn Tất Vinh in picture Figure C- 54 NWR HS3 part of surviving timber wall frame set in stone foundation. Fife 2009 Appendices A96 NWR HS4 Lot 72 This site is located on a spur running south from the road below NWR HS3. It consists of the remains of a service building with concrete walls of two rooms plus a toilet. The eastern room has a stove and small window. To the east of this is a series of six concrete post-supports about 3 metres apart with a scatter of Type 2 roof tiles covering an area of about 10 x 6 metres. This appears to represent the remains of a small timber framed structure. Plan C- 50 NWR HS4 Lot 72 Figure C- 55 NWR HS4 Looking south towards service building Fife 2009 Appendices A97 NWR HS5 Le Bris Lot 73. Located on a small spur running south off main north-western ridge, about 1380masl This structure is further down the spur from Lot 72. It consists of a substantially intact building of reinforced concrete walls with stone corner pillars; no roof. This structure is distinctive for its small oval window next to the front entrance, and another hexagonal window in the upper front wall into the roof cavity. It appears to have had 3 bedrooms, a large living room opening out onto a patio on the northern side, internal bathroom and toilet, and a small service room and kitchen area attached to the main house in a lean-to (approximately 2.4 x 1.5m) on the back of the house. Roof tiles were thick terra cotta, unmarked Type 3 tiles. Access was on the south- western corner from a road running below the southern side of the structure. Probably had a nice garden on north and north-eastern side overlooked by tiled patio. A possible rubbish pit was noted near the southwest corner of the structure. Plan C- 51 NWR HS5 Le Bris Lot 73. Fife 2009 Appendices A98 Figure C- 56 NWR HS5 Le Bris Lot 73, southern wall largely intact Figure C- 57 NWR HS5 le Bris Lot 73, Eastern wall and entrance Note the concrete verandah support above door. Fife 2009 Appendices A99 NWR HS6 Government Vietnamien NLN This building could not be surveyed because of thick forest overgrowing the structure. One distinctive feature of the site was the extensive terracing on the slope to the east of the building either side of an access road. The terracing appeared to be part of an extensive garden that probably surrounded the building. Figure C- 58 NWR HS6, Government Vietnamien building heavily overgrown. Fife 2009 Appendices A100 NWR HS8, Imbert, Lot 28 This ruin is located on the north-western ridge, on a spur across the road from the Delaforge ruin, with spectacular 360°views. The ruin consists of several walls standing to three metres high. The site is heavily overgrown with canes and ferns, so that measurements of the structure were only possible on the south-eastern wall. The northern part of the structure was completely destroyed, and extant walls showed considerable evidence of gunfire in the cement rendering. External walls were of stone rendered with cement about 430mm thick and capped with brick and concrete, internal walls of concrete 220mm thick. Concrete verandah supports extending about 400mm from below the top of the exterior walls were present. No external service building was noted. (see Figures 8.1 and 8.2) As mentioned, the site was heavily overgrown, so that only one Type 4 roof tile was recorded. Just north of the access path to the site, a bunker was noted that had used timber and stone from the house site to shore up the walls and roof. There was no other evidence of window frames or roofing timber on the site. Plan C- 52 NWR HS8, Imbert, Lot 28 Fife 2009 Appendices A101 Figure C- 59 NWR HS8 Imbert Lot 28, heavily overgrown Fife 2009 Appendices A102 Appendix C-2 Northern Residential Zone 2 (NR) Table C-2 Recorded sites in NR Reference Name Lot Number NR HS1 Martin 6 NR HS2 R.P. Franciscains 4 NR HS3 Tôn Thất Quảng 3 NR HS4 Hồ Đắc Khỏi 5 NR HS5 Đồ Phong 2 NR HS6 Croix 30 NR HS7 Rérat 31 NR HS8 Lagarde 32 Fife 2009 Appendices A103 NR HS1, Martin, Lot 6. A few posts to about 1 metre high still standing in their cement post supports, a few timber structural pieces, some bathroom ceramics. Lots of stone piled up next to site. Trenching runs down the eastern edge of ridgeline. No roofing tiles found. Mr Anh believed the posts were of Hopia pierrei. About 10 metres northwest of this site there are 2 stone pillars standing 2.5 metres high, next to an above ground concrete tank. Plan C- 53 NR HS1 Martin, Lot 6 Figure C- 60 NR HS1 Martin, Lot 6, a few posts mark main house site Fife 2009 Appendices A104 Figure C- 61 NR HS1, stone pillars and concrete tank NW of site of main structure Fife 2009 Appendices A105 NR HS2, R.P. Franciscains, Lot 4. This site is separated from Lot 5 by an area with extensive trenching with bunkers, constructed using building material scavenged from the adjacent building site. The Franciscains site consists of a large levelled area about 20 x 10 metres, covered in roofing tiles (Type 5) and a series of remnants of posts with mortised joints. On the southern side of the main area is a terrace, about 500mm below the main site with further timber posts and a large concrete water tank. Just beyond the water tank a piece of the door of a slow combustion stove. A trench ran along the eastern side of the ridge. At the northern end of the site under the face of the excavated cutting tunnelling into the ridge was noted. At this point also were a number of what appeared to be detonators, scattered on the ground. Plan C- 54 NR HS2, R.P. Franciscains, Lot 4 Fife 2009 Appendices A106 NWR HS3 Tôn Thất Quảng Lot 3 This structure appears to have been bombed leaving a large overgrown crater. Some holes in ground were noted, possibly a toilet pit on south side of site. An above ground water tank had collapsed into a hole, which had inside it a window frame. The whole area is criss-crossed with trenches in which some building material had been used. Mostly concrete building rubble, no stone noted. Not measured because of concerns with unexploded ordinance. Some Type 2 roofing tiles noted. Fife 2009 Appendices A107 NR HS4, Hồ Đắc Khỏi, Lot 5. This site is to the south of the Franciscains site. The levelled building site is about 1.5 metres above the Martin site. Heavily overgrown, the structure is extensively damaged, although one corner wall about 2.5 metres high still stands. Granite stone construction. Eastern end appears to be about 5 metres wide. Type 3 roofing tiles. A typical Vietnamese style window fitting was located at the western end of the structure. Similarly, the stairway from the road has a bend, reflecting an element of Feng Shui common in East Asian architecture. The structure is almost encircled by trenches on the north, east and west sides. A lot of building stone is piled up near the trench. Stone and construction timber has been used to reinforce a bunker adjacent to this structure and associated trenches. Plan C- 55 NR HS4, Hồ Đắc Khỏi, Lot 5. Figure C- 62 NR HS4, Hồ Đắc Khỏi, Lot 5. Possibly a door frame near the northern end of site Fife 2009 Appendices A108 Figure C- 63 NR HS4, Hồ Đắc Khỏi, Typical Vietnamese window treatment below northern wall Fife 2009 Appendices A109 NR HS5, Đồ Phong, Lot 2. This site is tucked into the slope just below Belvedere with views to the south and east. Entry is through a gateway of stone. The site is heavily overgrown so that access only to the northern wall was possible. Probably several structures, all destroyed except a small, 2 storey brick building on the western edge of levelled area. Roofing tiles Types 11, 12 Trenching runs along eastern edge of site, outside entrance gate. Plan C- 56 NR HS5, Đồ Phong, Lot 2. Fife 2009 Appendices A110 NR HS6, Croix, Lot 30. Steps lead up about 3 metres from the summit walking trail to an overgrown site with one corner still standing, cement rendered brick. Plan C- 57 NR HS6, Croix, Lot 30. Figure C- 64 NR HS6, Croix villa, Lot 30 Fife 2009 Appendices A111 NR HS7, Mlle Rérat, Lot 31. South of the walking trail to the summit on a levelled area, this site is behind a stone wall, between 1.5 and 2.2 metres high, that follows the trail for about 50 metres. The structure is completely destroyed, only represented by a scatter of roofing tiles, Type 5, spread over an area of about 10x8 metres. An above ground water tank remains on the southern side of the tile scatter. A trench runs along the eastern side of the site, on the edge of the spur that runs south from the summit. Plan C- 58 NR HS7, Mlle Rérat, Lot 31. Fife 2009 Appendices A112 NR HS8, Legarde, Lot 31 This site is located down slope on the spur from Rérat, but has access from an alternative road. It consists of a few concrete walls standing on a cement slab. No roofing tiles noted. Plan C- 59 NR HS8, Legarde, Lot 31 Fife 2009 Appendices A113 Appendix C-3 Northeast Residential Zone 3 (NER) Table C-3 Recorded sites in NWR Reference Name Lot Number NER HS1 Abgrall 11,12 NER HS2(1) Hôtel Bany, upper building NLN NER HS2(2) Hôtel Bany, lower building NLN NER HS3 Hydrotherapy site NLN Fife 2009 Appendices A114 NER HS1, Abgrall, Lots11, 12 This site is on the ridge overlooking Cau Hai and south-east to the Hai Van Pass. A large 2 storey structure constructed of cement bricks. A garage is located on the road below the house, with access by stairs from the main access road. This building has evidence of upstairs bathrooms. An adjacent structure on a slightly lower terrace has access stairs leading to the Girard ruin which is built right on the steep easterly slope, and may be a service building for this Girard villa. No roofing tiles were recorded. Plan C- 60 NER HS1, Abgrall, Lots11, 12 Figure C- 65 NER HS1, Abgrall, Lot 11-12, north-eastern corner Fife 2009 Appendices A115 Figure C- 66 NER HS1 Interior showing upstairs firplace and holes for floor joists, timber floor Figure C- 67 NER HS1 Stairway from road leads directly to front entrance to house on ridge above Fife 2009 Appendices A116 NER HS2(1) Hôtel Bany, upper building, No lot number. The Hôtel Bany is one of two hotels in OBM. It occupies a prominent position on the southern side of the main access road on a terrace set about 1-2 metres below the level of the road. It consists of two buildings, both two-storey structures of stone. The upper building (NER HS2(1) appears to have offered accommodation in six rooms with attached bathrooms. A series of brick pillars about 2 metres high seem to have provided access to the road from the upper level of this building. On the levelled area to the south of the upper building, several post supports were identified as well as a scatter of Type 2 shingle tiles. Just over the edge of the levelled building terrace to the south, two small fragments of Vietnamese kitchen ceramics were identified. Further down this slope was a brick toilet with 2 cubicles. Access from the hotel was not visible, but a walking trail led to the north-east across the slope. Plan C- 61 NER HS2(1) Hôtel Bany, upper building No lot number. Fife 2009 Appendices A117 NER HS2(2) Hôtel Bany, lower building No lot number. The second building is located about 10-15 metres to the north-east, built down the slope so that the upper storey is at about road height. In the south-western corner is a stove next to a tall chimney. This kitchen area is relatively large and is connected to the next room by a large arched doorway. Pillars outside the eastern door suggest a balcony attached to the upper floor. On the southern edge of the building platform for the lower building, a concentration of kitchen ceramics were identified that included several plates with French markings and similar styled plates with a Chinese manufacturer’s mark. These articles, more than 20, were eroding out of the slope, probably from a rubbish pit on the edge of the terrace. Further, at least another 20 kitchen ceramic articles were identified within a radius of 10 metres. Most other articles were of traditional Chinese or Vietnamese styles. Plan C- 62 NER HS2(2) Hôtel Bany, lower building Fife 2009 Appendices A118 Figure C- 68 NER HS2(2) Hôtel Bany, lower building Figure C- 69 NER HS2(2) arched interior doorway on ground floor Fife 2009 Appendices A119 NER HS3, hydrotherapy site. About 100 metres south of the lower building in a steep gully another site was identified (see Plan C-16 and Figure C-22). This structure of stone was constructed in the middle of the rocky gully at a point where two drainage lines meet. The rectangular structure, roughly on an east-west alignment, consisted of three walls. The top of the eastern wall, about 3.5 metres wide, was level with the gully floor so that the stream would have flowed over it. Today the stream flows along the northern side. Two side walls, about 400mm thick and about 5.6 metes long run westerly and slightly diverge at the western end. The western end of the structure is at ground level and the two side walls fall away roughly with the slope of the gully. The floor has been excavated into the gully to be level, so that the eastern wall is about 2 metres high. A small platform about 1 metre square and 1metre high is built into the north- eastern corner. It is opposite this site, on the slope below the upper Hôtel Bany, that a small footpath leads to the toilet building down the slope from the upper Hôtel Bany. Plan C-63 NER HS3, hydrotherapy site. Fife 2009 Appendices A120 Figure C- 70 NER HS3, hydrotherapy site.