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While name, person, thing, land, and history might all seem discrete concepts to the modern mind, they are not so separated in the dynamic imaginative consciousness of the Aborigines of Australia - or Kooris, as in more recent times the native people have come to prefer themselves to be called. Thus notions of onomastics embracing the separate realms of anthroponyms and toponyms are not valid for a people who have totally integrated in micro-sociology their vital beliefs about the universe and their relationships with places, animals, plants and other peoples. For the 'Dreaming' an underlying power-filled ground of reality and its manifestation in land and nature constitute the foundations of all traditional Aboriginal thought and of the unexpected yet irresistible cultural renaissance which since the 1970s has revitalised the indigenous peoples of the continent. The 'traditional' (past-present) is also the true History of people and place because it was in that always-to-be-remembered time out of time that the Ancestral Beings moved about, shaping what was nothing into something, forming the landscape and creating the plants, animals and people of the known world. All were related to each other through interactions that had taken place in the dreaming. Laws made then were passed on to man and have moved through the generations. All the universe was in a harmony between the physical and the spiritual.

Herbs, perennial or rarely annual. Rhizomes short. Culms terete. Leaves basal or cauline; sheath reddish brown; leaf blade flat, 3-angled, or semiterete. Involucral bracts leaflike, sheathing. Inflorescences paniculate, racemose, or rarely headlike. Spikelets usually narrowly ovoid or oblong-ovoid, usually 1-4-flowered, basal 1 or 2 flowers usually bisexual, apical 1 or 2 flowers male. Glumes dark colored with whitish margin, distichous, usually papery, deciduous, 1-veined, keeled, basal 2 or 3 empty. Perianth bristles 6 or absent. Stamens 3. Style slender; stigmas 3. Nutlet ellipsoid or obovoid, usually terete, 3-sided, or rarely biconvex, smooth or with reticulate ornamentation. More than 120 species: mostly in Australia, a few in E and SE Asia, Pacific islands (New Caledonia, New Zealand), Europe, and America; four species (one endemic) in China.

Herbs, perennial, forming slender to massive tussocks. Roots stout. Rhizomes woody. Culms erect, usually tall and robust, terete, several noded. Leaves linear, deeply many channeled, narrowly crescent-shaped, twisted lengthwise through 180°, involute on drying; ligule present, usually truncate, papery. Inflorescences plumose-paniculate, usually decompound, consisting of several fascicles per node. Spikelets brown or black, numerous, solitary or 2-4 together. Flowers 1 or 2, apical one bisexual, usually with a second more basal one male. Glumes black or dark brown, spirally arranged, papery; basal 3-8 glumes empty, lanceolate, keeled, abaxial surface and margin scabrous, apex acute; apical 2 or 3 glumes smaller than remaining ones, thin at anthesis but becoming thick in fruit, apex obtuse; apicalmost glume bearing a bisexual flower. Perianth bristles absent. Stamens (2 or)3[or 6]; filaments elongating markedly after anthesis, persistent on nutlet and entangled in glumes thereby suspending fruit. Stigmas 3[or 4]. Nutlet ovoid, ellipsoid, obovoid-fusiform, or globose, terete or 3-sided; endocarp blackish, thick, bony. About 30 species: S and SE Asia; three species in China.

Herbs, perennial. Rhizomes short, creeping. Culms terete. Leaves cauline; leaf blade V-shaped in cross section, margin scabrous. Involucral bracts leaflike, sheathing. Inflorescence an elongated compound anthela. Spikelets ovoid. Glumes ± spirally arranged, basal 4-6 empty, apical 2 fertile, apicalmost flower bearing a nutlet. Perianth bristles absent. Stamens 2. Stigmas 3; style base not distinct, thickened, persistent. Nutlet ovoid, subterete. About four species: tropical and warm temperate regions of Asia, Australia, Europe, North and South America, and Pacific islands; one species in China

Herbs, perennial, often with long scaly rhizomes. Culms tufted, erect, flattened, angular, or terete, usually smooth, rarely rough. Leaves distichous; basal sheaths brown to purplish; ligule absent; leaf blade unifacial, compressed or terete, sometimes reduced to a sheath. Involucral bracts sheathing and with a short blade. Inflorescences paniculate, consisting of few to several partial panicles, main axis often sinuous. Spikelets often clustered, rarely solitary, ovoid to narrowly ovoid, compressed. Glumes distichous, basal 1 or 2 flowers bisexual, apical flower(s) male. Perianth bristles absent. Stamens 3. Style base distinctly thickened, conic or pyramidal, persistent; stigmas 3. Nutlet stipitate or sessile, ovoid, oblong, or oblong-ellipsoid, ± terete or 3-sided, smooth or rugulose, apex beaked. About 50 species: mostly tropical and temperate regions, especially Australia; three species (two endemic) in China.

Herbs, perennial. Rhizomes short, woody. Culms tufted, erect, terete or flattened. Leaves basal, distichous, usually equitant; leaf blade terete or flattened, similar to culm, sheathing. Inflorescences paniculate. Spikelets narrowly ovoid-oblong. Flowers usually (1 or)2 or 3(-5), proximal one usually functionally male, distal one bisexual. Glumes 3-8, seemingly spirally arranged, mostly distally scaberulose, basal ones empty. Perianth scales [3 or]6, shorter than nutlet, fleshy. Stamens 3; connective apex apiculate. Style slender, base persistent. Nutlet oblong or oblong-ellipsoid, ± terete, usually smooth and shiny. About 100 or more species: mostly Australia including many undescribed species, SE Asia, Pacific islands (New Zealand); one species in China.

Herbs, perennial. Rhizomes short. Culms tufted, erect, terete or 3-angled. Leaves basal, rarely 1 or 2 cauline, often reduced to sheaths; ligule absent. Inflorescences paniculate, usually much branched. Spikelets solitary or clustered, compressed, narrowly ovoid-oblong, 1- or 2(or 3)-flowered, basalmost flower usually male, apical flower(s) bisexual. Glumes 4-6, pale brown, distichous, membranous, glabrous, 1-veined, keeled, basal 2-4 empty. Perianth scales (3-)6, whitish, lanceolate to linear, short, flat, hyaline. Stamens 3; connective apex apiculate. Stigmas 3. Nutlet brown, sessile, obovoid or pyriform, small, 3-sided, with 3 pale ribs, hispid at apex. Six species: all in Australia, one extending to Asia; one species in China.

Perennials. Rhizomes woody. Culms erect, terete, with transverse septa. Leaves basal, without a leaf blade. Primary involucral bracts subulate, cylindric, erect. Inflorescence a single spike, pseudolateral, with many spirally arranged imbricate glumelike bracts. Basal glumelike bracts empty, most subtending pseudospikelets. Pseudospikelets with 2 outer strongly keeled glumes and many non-keeled glumes, most subtending 1 stamen and a solitary apparently terminal female flower. Perianth bristles absent. Stigma 2, long, slender. Nutlet plano-convex, apex not beaked. One species: tropical Asia, Australia, Madagascar, Pacific islands.

Herbs, annual or occasionally perennial, tenuous, with thin fibers. Leaves cauline, sheathing, without a ligule, regularly spaced along stem; leaf blade linear, short. Inflorescence a capitate cyme, condensed, exserted from leaf sheath. Spikelets unisexual. Male spikelets basal on inflorescence; glumes usually 3, usually thin and narrow, each with 1 or 2 male flowers. Female spikelets apical on inflorescence; glumes 2, opposite, equal in size, veined, each with 1 female flower, apex 3-lobed or not. Male flowers: anthers 1-3. Female flowers: stigmas 3. Disk present. Nutlet small, globose, with vertical ribs or reticulate, sometimes apically hairy, tightly enclosed in 2 subtending glumes and shed with them. About six species: tropics into warm temperate regions of both hemispheres; two species in China.

Herbs, perennial or annual, sometimes with a creeping rhizome. Culms tufted or solitary, usually pubescent, nodose. Leaves mostly cauline, pubescent or glabrous; sheath usually completely surrounding culm; ligule tubular, hyaline; leaf blade usually elongate, linear to lanceolate. Involucral bracts leaflike, sheathing at base. Inflorescences paniculiform, with few to many glomerulate clusters or sessile spikelets at few to several nodes. Spikelets ovoid to ellipsoid, terete, many flowered, usually pubescent. Glumes spirally imbricately arranged, obovate, broadly elliptic, or oblong, each subtending a bisexual flower but basal 1 or 2 empty, apex obtuse and awned. Perianth bristles 3 or 6, 3 outer ones needlelike (sometimes reduced or absent), 3 inner ones squamellate and alternate with outer whorl. Stamens 3. Style not or hardly dilated at base, continuous with ovary, glabrous; stigmas 3. Nutlet ± stipitate, obovoid to ovoid, 3-sided, ± smooth or tuberculate. About 30 species: warm regions of the world, most species in tropical Africa and tropical America; three species (one endemic) in China.

The classical understanding of the term acceleration is progress through an education program at a rate faster, or at an age younger, than conventional. This is now referred to, more appropriately, as academic acceleration and is based on the premise that each child has a right to realize his or her potential. Academic acceleration is valid pedagogy, is grounded in and supported by research, and is an appropriate response to the educational and social needs of a student whose cognitive ability and academic achievement are several years beyond those of their age-peers. Yet worldwide it is an educational option little-used. Even though the research on acceleration is so uniformly and distinctly positive and the benefits of well-administered acceleration are so unequivocal, educators are reluctant to accelerate children, and some educational systems proscribe its transparent use. This entry presents an outline of current theory of academic acceleration through a discussion of a curriculum for gifted students, the benefits of acceleration, a model for acceleration, guidelines for implementing an acceleration program, and ongoing issues related to the practice of acceleration.

Farm crime refers to criminal off ending which impacts upon the function of the pastoral, agricultural and aquaculture industries. Common forms of victimization include trespassing, illegal shooting and hunting, breaking and entering, the theft of equipment and tools, with livestock theft being the 'quintessential rural crime', as well as the theft of farm supplies and inputs (such as fencing supplies, chemicals and fuel), firearms, water, fruit crops and personal items.

The celebration of Adonis's rites by women on rooftops in ancient Greece reflects CANAANITE religious practices, but to what extent the Greek cult was Eastern is indeterminate. Adonis was APHRODITE's beloved; when he was slain by a boar, she laid him in a bed of lettuce. He was worshipped by Greek women from at least the sixth century BCE, his rites centering on ritual laments, breast-beating and rending of their clothes to mark his death; this was a private cult not sanctioned by the state.

Aelius Aristides was a second-century A.D. Greek rhetorician from Asia Minor, best known for his Orations, which were prepared in advance of delivery. He also wrote the Hieroi Logoi [Sacred Tales], which detail his relationship in his many sicknesses with the healing god Asclepius. His Orations were much admired in Late Antiquity, influencing many writers, and have entered the western canon of rhetoric.

An Athenian, whose grandmother-also named Agariste, daughter of the tyrant CLEISTHENES OF SICYON-had married MEGACLES (II) of the ALCMAEONIDAE family of ATHENS.

Part of the false image that assumes rural areas are relatively crime free is the perception that agricultural crime is both infrequent and insignificant. However, recent research from various countries finds high levels of property crime victimization, with specific ecological correlates for different kinds of offenses. Further, food producers are part of local, national, and global economic and political systems, and are embedded in social structures, including systems of inequality based on property ownership, which are important for understanding the wider context of agricultural crime in countries around the world. As well, agriculturalists themselves are often the offenders, ranging from the commission of petty theft, to violations of environmental regulations, to the exploitation of farm labor. Agriculture is a multibillion dollar industry requiring high input costs, such as machinery, chemicals, and other supplies, and a considerable investment of labor, either by most members of the farm family or in association with nonfamily members hired for their labor. In fact, agriculture is as "big business" in its orientation as any other sector of the economy, especially within advanced capitalist societies. Yet, criminology and criminal justice scholars rarely pay attention to agricultural crime.

A festival celebrated principally at Orchomenos but also at Chaeronea, both in central Greece. Plutarch in the second century CE provides the main details in an account of a specific celebration at Orchomenos (Plut. 'Mor'. 299e-300a). In the myth of the festival, three sisters, daughters of Minyas of Orchomenos, became subject to 'mania' (madness), the particular area of the god Dionysos. They craved human flesh and ripped apart alive and consumed one sister's son in a situation that parallels the depiction in Euripides' 'Bacchae' of the women followers of Dionysos at Thebes, in which the maenads tear apart live animals and the king of Thebes with their bare hands.

Agrippa Postumus (12 BCE-14 CE) was the last of five children born to Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa and Julia, the daughter of Augustus. Adopted by Augustus in 4 CE, he was relegated to the island of Planasia in 7 CE, where he remained under military guard until his death.

Vipsania Agrippina (Maior) (ca. 14 BCE-33 CE), daughter of M. Vipsanius Agrippa (RE 2) and Julia (RE 550), granddaughter of Augustus (RE 132), married Germanicus (RE 138) in 5 CE and produced nine children (Suet. Cal. 7), six of whom survived infancy: Nero Caesar (RE 146), Drusus Caesar (RE 137), Gaius "Caligula" (RE 133), Agrippina the Younger (Minor) (RE 556), Julia Drusilla (RE 567), and Julia Livilla (RE 575). Accompanying Germanicus to the Rhine (14-16) and the east (17-19), she helped end the mutiny of 14 CE, prevented the destruction of the Rhine bridge (15), received divine honors on Lesbos (17), and toured Egypt, thereby incurring Tiberius' displeasure (Tac. Ann. 1.40-44, 69; 2.53-4, 59-61). On Germanicus' death (19), Agrippina carried his ashes to Rome escorted by two cohorts of Praetorians and large crowds (Tac. Ann. 2.75; 3.1-6).

Alverstone, 1st viscount (1842-1915), judge and Conservative politician. A highly successful advocate, Richard Everard Webster accepted Salisbury's offer to become attorney-general in 1885 and entered parliament the same year.

After the establishment of Armidale, early New Englanders received medical attention at the hands of medical practioners in their own homes or in the consulting rooms of the local physicians. These rooms included venues rented in the local hotels. An improvement was made with the establishment of the first hospital in Dumaresq Street near the corner of Marsh Street in 1853. This enterprise was relocated to the corner of Donnelly and O'Dell Streets prior to the subsequent construction of a hospital at the current site in 1883. The Donnelly Street building remained as the infectious diseases ward until 1911 when the old building was demolished and the site burned to prevent the spread of disease. Whilst doctors, midwives and the coroner made house calls in early Armidale it was not until January 1927, after a public meeting called by the then Mayor, Morgan Stephens, that the first ambulance service for Armidale commenced from a house provided rent free for a year in Butler Street. This service was free to residents of the New England area. The increase in demand for the service saw its base move from Butler Street to Barney Street before being housed in a purpose built premises in Rusden Street near the Town Hall in 1933.

An order of large (several to many centimeters long) flatworms without proglottids ("unsegmented") and intestine. Eight species have been found in the body cavity of freshwater and marine fishes, and of freshwater turtles. (The Cestodaria, in which they were formerly included jointly with the Gyrocotylidea, is probably not a valid taxon.) The known life cycles (of three species) include crustaceans (Amphipoda, Decapoda) as intermediate hosts. Final hosts become infected by eating intermediate hosts. Larvae are characterized by anterior penetration glands, two separate posterior nephridiopores (external excretory structure openings), and five pairs of polymorphic posterior hooks, which are retained at the posterior end of the adult (see illustration). Adults are hermaphroditic. Testes are scattered throughout most of the body; the ovary is located near the posterior end and opens into the uterus, which runs forward to near the anterior end, turns backward toward the posterior end, and then forward again to open through an anterior uterine pore. The follicular vitellarium (the part of the female reproductive system that produces nutritive cells filled with yolk) extends along much of the body margins. A muscular proboscis is located at the anterior end, and is sometimes very weakly developed or absent.

The concept of animal rights is discussed and distinguished from animal welfare. A brief history of attitudes to animal sentience and welfare is followed by contemporary activity in protecting animals used in research. Differences between countries in the legal protection of animals used in research in the Western world are covered, as are the movements active in campaigning for animal rights and/or welfare. Finally, debates about which species are covered by legal protection in research are discussed, drawing attention to the current inconsistencies regarding which invertebrates should be included in ethical guidelines for research and which need not be so protected.

Animals are ubiquitous in the literature and culture of Victorian Britain. To varying degrees of visibility, they were part of the everyday lives of the Victorians as raw material, labour, transport, food, clothing, entertainment, companionship, and scientific knowledge produced through animal observation and experimentation. Correspondingly, a remarkable menagerie of creatures can be found across all Victorian literary genres, whether in sympathetic interdependence with, or as objects of instrumental use by, humans: apes, cattle and sheep, rodents, reptiles and saurians, sea creatures, insects and birds, wolves and hyenas, zebras and elephants, large and small cats, and the most storied of all animals the horse and the dog. Beyond such recognizable species, there are human/animal hybrids that trouble biological and social taxonomies: Robert Browning's Caliban, Rudyard Kipling's Mowgli, and - toward the end of the century - such imaginary transmutations as H. G. Wells's "Beast People" and Morlocks and Robert Louis Stevenson's Mr. Hyde. The impact of animals on Victorian Britain's imagination and artistic practices, therefore, has significant implications for an understanding of its social and cultural life.

The law has provided remedies for those injured by animals from earliest times, no doubt a reflection of the widespread practice of keeping animals and the propensity of certain animals to do damage if they escaped from their keeper's control. Apart from allowing claims for injury where the keeper has been negligent, a special liability regime, instituted by the Animals Act 1971 (UK), also applies to animals. This regime traces its history to the old action of 'scientia' whereby the keeper of certain types of animal was strictly liable (that is, without fault) for damage caused by that animal, and to the action for cattle trespass whereby the owner of cattle was strictly liable for any damage to property caused by cattle trespassing on another's land. In the 'scientia' action a distinction was made between animals dangerous by virtue of their breed, such as lions and elephants ('ferae naturae'), and animals of a breed not considered dangerous ('ferae manseuto').

The term anthropocentrism refers to any view that asserts the centrality, primacy, or superiority of human beings in the scheme of things that claims the purpose of nature is to serve human needs and wants; or that posits the greater value of human life and interests relative to the lives and interests, if any, of nonhumans. Such views are highly characteristic of modern civilization and are frequently implicated in discussions of the world environmental crisis, the abuse of animals, and threats of species extinction. From the anthropocentric standpoint, other species - and nature as a whole - exist in a subservient relationship to our own species. This relationship may be rationalized by some kind of metanarrative, such as a story about divinely ordered creation (and humans' bearing the image of God), the great chain of being, or a putative evolutionary hierarchy, or it may merely be asserted as the natural outcome of human development and exploitative skill. In other words, the concept of human superiority may be understood in either a 'de jure' (justified) or a 'de facto' (happenstance) manner.

Forensic anthropology can be described as the analysis of the human, or what remains of the human, for the medicolegal purpose of establishing identity. It is a multidisciplinary endeavor that applies the knowledge of biological anthropology and human osteology to cases where human remains are skeletonized, or where a detailed understanding of the growth and development, morphology, or norms of the human body can assist other disciplines in positive identification. This is achieved through the use of osteobiographical markers, which aid in the determination of four primary characteristics: skeletal age, sex, ancestry, and living stature. These are supplemented by markers of personal identity, which are likely to be specific to an individual, or that may be determined with varying degrees of statistical certainty. Such markers include both soft and hard tissue traits, some of which are biologically normal but specific to an individual, whereas others are pathological or abnormal, arising as the result of disease, trauma, surgical intervention, or cosmetic/aesthetic alteration.

Antivivisectionism is a widely accepted label for uncompromising opposition to the use of live animals in scientific research. No area of human activity affecting members of other species is more controversial than animal experimentation, or more likely to trigger reactions from advocates of animal rights and animal welfare. Vivisection literally means the cutting up of living organisms for the purpose of study or research. Historically, this is an accurate description of the way in which experiments upon, generally, unanesthetized animals were performed. Antivivisectionism became a very strong movement in 19th century Victorian England, where increasing attention was being paid to animal pain and suffering, leading ultimately to passage of the Cruelty to Animals Act 1876, the world's first law specifically regulating animal research. By comparison with earlier centuries, relatively little of today's experimentation upon animals is of a highly invasive sort. But the word vivisection has persisted in the vocabulary of protest, taken on a wider meaning over time, and now denotes all procedures of scientific research that result in the injury and/or death of animals.

Antonia Minor (36 BCE-37 CE), younger daughter of the triumvir Marcus Antonius (see Antonius, Marcus (Mark Antony)) and Octavia Minor, married Drusus the Elder in ca. 18 BCE. Three of Antonia's children survived into adulthood: Germanicus, Livilla, and Claudius. Widowed in 9 BCE, Antonia refused to remarry (Joseph. AJ 18.180; Val.Max. 4.3.3). Praised for her beauty, loyalty, and virtue (Plut. Ant. 87), Antonia nurtured royal children from Armenia, Commagene, Judaea, Mauretania, Parthia, and Thrace, as well as Caligula and Drusilla on Agrippina the Elder's demise.

The peace named after the city of Apamea Kibotos in western Asia Minor, at the sources of the Maeander, ended the war between the Seleucid King Antiochos III Megas and Rome in 188 BCE. Preliminary agreements were made by P. Scipio Asiaticus and the envoys of the Antiochos immediately after the defeat of the Seleucid army in the battle of Magnesia ad Sipylum one year earler (Polyb. 21.17.3-9).

First mentioned in the late 1800s, applied geography is a relatively recent discipline that has enjoyed controversy, acclaim, and change in its short life. Beginning as a merger of natural sciences and social sciences, applied geography has faced critics from both sides of science; however, it has also been hailed by both as having the ability to help humanity. The term first appeared during a time when educational programs at the high school and college level were reevaluating the curriculum being taught then. Until this time, the discipline of geography had included only the natural sciences, such as geology and meteorology. John Scott Keltie (1890) was influential in suggesting that it is possible for the gap between natural and social sciences to be bridged through the application of geographic science to human behaviors. Most of what was written about applied geography during this time emerged from Europe. The first college to develop an applied geography program in the United States was the University of California, Berkeley, and even then it was only included as a part of an economics program. Applied geography uses geographical theory and methodology to solve problems on many topics as long as a problem has a geographical component, and therefore, the field has found a home in disciplines outside of geography. Some 20 years after the first academic program was created, applied geography classes and research emerged throughout the country.

In recent years, agent-based modelling has emerged as a successful approach for simulating complex systems across numerous domains, and for a wide range of purposes including social science, ecology, biology and epidemiology(Berger, 2001; Busing & Mailly, 2004; Connell, Dawson, & Skvortsov, 2009; D'Souza, Marino, & Kirschner, 2009; Elliston & Beare, 2006; Funk, Gerber, Lind, & Schillo, 1998; Minar, Burkhart, Langton, & Askenazi, 1996; Schelhorn, O'Sullivan, Haklay, & Thurstain-Goodwin, 1999). Agent-based models are developed around the principle of conceptually breaking complex systems down into individual components referred to as Agents. These components can theoretically represent any arbitrary level of detail within the system and have their own simulated behaviour and state. This system of interacting agents can be used to model complex phenomena from the bottom-up, allowing scientists to develop rich simulations capable of supporting experimentation at different conceptual levels within the system. The capability that this modelling approach provided has led to the use of Agent-Based Models (ABM) in a decision-support role for governments and industries, and fostered a demand for modelling systems with increasing levels of detail within the individual agents and their interactions, which in turn provides an even greater scope for experimentation. In addition to this, ABMs are being applied to larger scale systems, modelling more complex phenomena as data become more readily available at higher levels of detail. The broadening in scope, coupled with the requirements for higher levels of detail, have driven an increase in the computational requirements of agent-based simulations, both in terms of memory and processor clock cycles. This is mainly due to the autonomous nature of the individual agents within the simulation, the state information they contain, and the interactions that occur between them. In simple terms, as the complexity of each individual agent's processing and/or the number of agents appearing in a simulation increases, the number of computational operations performed in each iteration of the simulation also increases. This challenge is further compounded by the requirement for interactions between the agents in order to simulate the phenomena. Likewise, a simulation's memory requirements also grow as the amount of state information stored within each agent and the number of agents increase.